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04 endocrinology > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Which amines act via cAMP?

A

Adrenaline
Pituitary hormones (not GH, PRL)

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2
Q

Which proteins act via cAMP?

A

Glucagon
Somatostatin

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3
Q

What is cAMP?

A

Regulator of cellular function.
A second messenger

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4
Q

How does cAMP act?

A

via separate G protein: Gs + Gi

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5
Q

What is Gs?

A

A stimulatory protein, it raises levels of cAMP intracellulary

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6
Q

What is Gi?
What does it do?

A

Inhibitory protein, decreases the levels of cAMP intracellularly

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7
Q

If Gs is ‘on’ or mutated..what condition occurs?

A

on = Acromegaly

mutated -> hyperfunction = McCune Albright

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8
Q

Which hormones act at Tyrosine Kinase Receptors?

A

Insulin
GH + PRL

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9
Q

In starvation all hormones levels fall except…

A

Glucagon

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10
Q

In starvation and stress (anorexia) all hormones levels fall except…

A

Glucagon
GH
Glucocorticoids

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11
Q

What condition is caused by XS prolactin?

A

Galactorrhoea

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12
Q

Which medications cause a rise in galactorrhoea?

A

SSRIs
Anti-emetics (metoclopromide)

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13
Q

What effect does a seizure have on the anterior pituitary?

A

causes a rised PRL -> glactorrhoea

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14
Q

How is prolactin suppressed?

A

Dopamine agonists

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15
Q

Name two Dopamine agonists:

A

Bromocriptine
Cabergaline

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16
Q

Name 2 conditions causing Gynaecomastia

A

Kallmans
Kleinfelters

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17
Q

Name 3 the causes of gynaecomastia

A

Hypogonadism
Hyperthyroisidm
ETOH

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18
Q

Name 2 drugs known to cause gynaecomastia

A

Digoxin
Spironolactone

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19
Q

Which tumours are most likely to cause gynaecomastia?

A

eostrogen producing:
- lung
- pancreatic
- gastric seminoma

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20
Q

Regarding Calcium haemostasis, how does parathyroid control calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid hormones:
Mobilise ca++ from bone
Inhibit ca++ at kidney

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21
Q

how does vitamin D control calcium levels?

A

controls absorption at gut

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22
Q

Vitamin D undergoes 2 stage activation, where does this occur?

A
  1. Liver = 25-hydroxylation
  2. Kidney = 1-hydroxylation
23
Q

How does ANP lower circulating volume?

A

naturetic = promotes Na++ excretion to reduce circulating volume.

24
Q

Where is ANP released from?

A

R atrium > ventricle

25
Q

Where is BNP released from?

A

Ventricle (esp in HF)

26
Q

What is the role of BNP?

A

Acts locally, to reduce ventricular fibrosis

27
Q

Where is CNP released from?

A

From vascular endothelium (not cardiac myoctyes)

28
Q

Name the hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

LH, FSH, TSH, GH, ATCH, PRL

29
Q

Which 2 hormones are secreted form the postereior pituitary?

A

ADH (aka Vasopressin),
Oxytocin

30
Q

10% of pituitary tumours produce XS ACTH, what does this cause?

A

Cushings

31
Q

What is Nelsons syndrome?

A

growth of a pit. tumor in the pituitary gland post adrenalectomy (for cushings)
No longer opposed by high cortisol levels

32
Q

What is pituitary apoplexy?

A

Sudden haemorrhage into a pituitary tumour

33
Q

How would pituitary apoplexy present?

A

Headache neck stiffness, blindness -> Shock

34
Q

How is pituitary apoplexy treated?

A

Steroids first

35
Q

What is cranial diabetes insipidus?

A

pituitary failure to secrete ADH

36
Q

What is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

resistance: failure for ADH to act at kindey

37
Q

How is diabetes insipidus investigated?

A
  1. water deprivation test
    - polydipsia v polyuria
  2. DDAVP (synthetic ADH)
38
Q

What is SIADH?

A

Syndrome of high ADH
‘concentrated, salty piss’
(dilute serum sodium)

39
Q

In maintaining haemostasis, what prompts ADH release?

A
  1. increasing plasma osmolality
  2. hypovolaemia
40
Q

How does ADH act?

A

water retention at the distal tubule.

41
Q

How do high levels of ADH cause hyponatremia?

A

-> Water retention = poor PU.

Water intake > urine output = development of hyponatremia.

Dilute blood + Conc. urine.

42
Q

Which drugs have potential to cause SIADH?

A

opiates
duiretics
carbemazepine
sulphonylurea

43
Q

What lung pathology has potential to cause SIADH?

A

Lung injury,
Pneumonia
SCLC

44
Q

What CNS related pathology has potential to cause SIADH?

A

Seizure
Cerebrovascular accidents
Head injury
(almost any CNS insult)

45
Q

Outline the order of development in female puberty

A

Growth (height)
Breast development
Menstruation
Pubic hair

(girls grow breasts then menstruate in public)

46
Q

Outline the order of development in male puberty

A

Scrotal thickening
Testicular enlargement
Pubic hair
Growth of phallus + height

(boys get thick testicles before they publicly grow)

47
Q

What is meant by precocious puberty?

A

Multiple signs of puberty develop before age 8 F and age 9 M

48
Q

Causes of female Precocious puberty include:

A
  1. Adrenal or ovarian tumour
  2. Exogenous estrogen
  3. McCune Albright (G protein dysfunction)
49
Q

Causes of male Precocious puberty include:

A
  1. C.A.H
  2. Testotoxicosis
  3. Adrenal tumour
50
Q

Which cause of delayed puberty with normal height features anosmia?

A

Kallmans XY

51
Q

Which cause of delayed puberty with normal height features Gynaecomastia + small testes?

A

Kleinfelters XXY

52
Q

Which cause of delayed puberty with reduced height features deafness and aortic root dilation?

A

Turners XO

53
Q
A

04 endocrinology (7 decks)

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