Diabetes Flashcards
Which gene alleles are negatively associated with T1DM?
HLA DR3
HLA DR4
Which gene alleles are positively associated with T1DM?
(considered protective)
HLA DR2
Which autoantibodies are associated with T1DM?
<90% Islet cell abs (ICA)
<90% anti-GAD
What is the risk of developing T1DM if a person is ICA positive?
35%
What is the risk of child developing T2DM if both parents affected?
70 - 100%
Which HLA association is linked to T2DM?
None
What percentage of women with gestational diabetes later develop T2DM?
50% at 10y
Define MODY
GCK-MODY2 = T2DM diagnosis <25y + strong fhx
HNF1A-MODY3 = T2DM diagnosis <35y (most common, 70%)
How is MODY3 best treated?
Sulphonylureas
Give 4 example of secondary diabetes
(due to insulin deficiency)
- Pancreatic pathology (ca, pancreatitis, surgery)
- Haemochromotosis
- CF
- Somatostatin
Give 4 examples of secondary diabetes
(link to insulin resisitance)
- PCOS
- Steroids
- Acromegaly
- Phaeochromocytoma
Diabetes treatment:
Give 2 examples of a sensitizing agent
- metformin
- reduce insulin resistance - Pioglitizone (activates PPAR)
- reduce insulin resistance
Diabetes treatment:
Give 2 examples of a squeezing agent
- Sulphonylayreas (Gliclazide)
- increase production of insulin - DPP4 inhibitors (gliptins)
- decrease breakdown of incretins -> more insulin available
Diabetes treatment:
Give an example of an SGLT2 agent
Acabose
- decrease aborption of carbs
Name 4 causes of low HbA1c
Haemolysis
Increased red cell turnover
Blood loss
HbS or HbC
