Hormones Flashcards
Peptides
FLAT PEG ADH/vasopressin Oxytocin Calcitonin vs. PTH Insulin vs. Glucagon Somatostatin GnRH CRH GHRH - Polar, hydrophilic, lipophobic, need GPCR transport through membranes, blood soluble
Steroids
Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone Cortisol Aldosterone - Lipids: nonpolar, hydrophobic, lipophilic, diffuse through membranes, need protein-transport in blood - Made from cholesterol - 4 fused rings
Tyrosine Derivatives
Epinephrine/adrenaline Norepinephrine/noradrenaline T3/triiodothyronine T4/thyroxine - Nonpolar, etc - Smaller than other hormones
Gonads
Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
Anterior Pituitary
FLAT PEG (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH)
Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH aka vasopressin) Oxytocin
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol/glucocorticoid
Aldosterone/mineralocorticoid
Androgens: precursors of estrogen and testosterone
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine/adrenaline
Norepinephrine/noradrenaline
Small amount of dopamine
Thyroid and Parathyroid
Calcitonin vs. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
T3/triiodothyronine
T4/thyroxine
Pancreas
Insulin vs. Glucagon
Somatostatin (GHIH)
Hypothalamus (not a gland)
Below thalamus; ANS regulation
- Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
- Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
- Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
- Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)
HPA Axis
stress -> hypothalamus (CRH via hypophyseal capillary network) -> anterior pituitary (ACTH) -> adrenal cortex (cortisol) -> increased gluconeogenesis, fat/protein metabolism, blood sugar, decreased immune system/inflammation
HPG Axis
hypothalamus (GnRH via hypophyseal capillary network) -> anterior pituitary (LH and FSH) -> matured sperm/eggs -> gonads (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)
RAA System
decreased BP -> juxtaglomerular cells release renin enzyme -> cleaves angiotensin to angiotensin I -> angiotensin II -> stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone –> stimulates distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to release water and Na- back into blood -> increased BP
Estrogen
steroid, ovaries, inhibits prolactin, establishes endometrial thickening of uterine wall, peak before ovulation
Progesterone
steroid, ovaries, inhibits prolactin, protects endometrium , peak after ovulation
Testosterone
steroid, testes
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- peptide
- anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus release of GnRH through hypophyseal capillary network in brain
- induces maturation of eggs (ovarian follicles), sperm (sertoli cells)
- peak at ovulation
Leutenizing Hormone (LH)
- peptide
- anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus release of GnRH through hypophyseal capillary network in brain
- induces synthesis of estrogen, testosterone (interstitial cells), progesterone
- peak induces ovulation
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- peptide
- anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus release of CRH through hypophyseal capillary network in brain
- stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- peptide
- anterior pituitary releases TSH to stimulate thyroid to release T3 and T4 to regulate metabolic rate
- Negative feedback inhibition from T3 and T4
Prolactin
- peptide
- anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus activation from suckling
- induces production of milk in mammary glands
- inhibited by estrogen and progesterone and dopamine
Endorphins
- peptides
- endogenous pain killers released from anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus activation from pain/exercise
- Processed through endocannabinoid system
Growth hormone (somatotropin)
- peptides
- anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus release of GHRH
- Stimulates cell/bone/muscle growth and increases rate of protein anabolism
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or vasopressin)
- peptide
- synthesized in hypothalamus upon high blood osmolarity and transported to posterior pituitary by neurons
- stimulates H2O permeability in collecting ducts to release H2O back into blood to decrease blood osmolarity
- associated with thirst
Oxytocin
- peptide
- released by posterior pituitary upon stimulation of hypothalamic neurons from human interaction
- induces release of milk from mammary glands
Calcitonin
- peptide
- released by thyroid
- stimulates osteoblasts to build bone using calcium from blood (decreases blood calcium)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- peptide
- released by parathyroid
- stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone releasing calcium into blood
T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)
- Tyrosine derivatives
- released by thyroid stimulated by TSH
- Increase metabolic rate and O2 consumption
- Regulated through negative feedback with TSH
- T3 more potent, shorter half life, less available in blood
- T4 converted to T3 in tissues
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline technically NT)
- Tyrosine derivatives (catecholamines)
- released by adrenal medulla stimulated by sympathetic nervous response
- Vasoconstriction of GI, vasodilation of lungs, heart, brain, muscles for fight or flight
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
- peptide
- released by hypothalamus through hypophyseal capillary portal to activate anterior pituitary to release ACTH
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
- peptide
- released by hypothalamus through hypophyseal capillary portal to activate anterior pituitary to release GH
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
- peptide
- released by hypothalamus through hypophyseal capillary portal to activate anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
Insulin
- peptide
- released by pancreas beta islet cells to decrease blood glucose and proteins
- stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver and muscles
- fat converted to adipocytes
- opposite glucagon
- Type I diabetes: (youth) defective beta cells cannot release insulin
- Type II: (obese) defective insulin receptors resistant to insulin
Glucagon
- peptide released by pancreas alpha islets opposite insulin
- when blood sugar/protein is low (hunger)
- stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver
Somatostatin
- peptide released by pancreas delta islets
- inhibits the activity of other hormones to slow endocrine signaling and lower metabolic rate
Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
- steroid released by adrenal cortex after stimulation from ACTH from anterior pituitary stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus (HPA)
- stress hormone
- increases blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis and fat/protein metabolism
- depresses immune system
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
- steroid released by adrenal cortex
- stimulated by low BP
- stimulates collecting duct to release Na+/Cl- and H2O into blood to increase BP
- also brings K+ and H+ into collecting duct
- associated with thirst
Pineal gland
Releases melatonin (trp peptide) in the epithalamus between the 2 thalamus halves in response to dark
Gastrin
Peptide hormone released by G-cells of pyloric glands in the stomach; stimulates HCl release from parietal cells for acidification
Cholecystokinin
Peptide hormone in duodenum signals for gallbladder to release bile and pancreas to release alkaline juices into small intestine (associated with satiety)
Ghrelin
Peptide hormone produced and released in stomach when empty (hunger); stimulated by the sight, smell, sounds, taste of food
Leptin
Peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissue to suppress hunger (satiety) by suppressing release of orexin to maintain healthy body fat levels
Albumin
Protein produced by liver for transporting steroid hormones in blood
Secretin
Peptide hormone in duodenum stimulates release of pancreatic juices and slows gastric motility
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Peptide hormone released from heart during high BP/high sodium; binds kidney/blood vessel receptors to promote salt excretion to lower BP
Orexin
Neuropeptide released by neurons to increase appetite
Catecholamines
Released by adrenal glands: dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
Promote glycogenolysis and increase basal metabolic rate of glucose to produce energy for action (stimulated by sympathetic nervous system)
Thymosin
Peptide hormone released by thymus (lymph gland near heart pericardium) to direct maturation of T-cells
+ selection: induces apoptosis in cells that do not recognize MHC
- selection: induces apoptosis in self-reactive cells
