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Memorization Sets > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Peptides

A 
FLAT PEG 
ADH/vasopressin
Oxytocin
Calcitonin vs. PTH
Insulin vs. Glucagon
Somatostatin
GnRH
CRH
GHRH
- Polar, hydrophilic, lipophobic, need GPCR transport through membranes, blood soluble
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2
Q

Steroids

A 
Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
Cortisol
Aldosterone
- Lipids: nonpolar, hydrophobic, lipophilic, diffuse through membranes, need protein-transport in blood
- Made from cholesterol
- 4 fused rings
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3
Q

Tyrosine Derivatives

A 
Epinephrine/adrenaline
Norepinephrine/noradrenaline
T3/triiodothyronine
T4/thyroxine
- Nonpolar, etc
- Smaller than other hormones
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4
Q

Gonads

A

Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

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5
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

FLAT PEG (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH)

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6
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH aka vasopressin)
Oxytocin
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7
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Cortisol/glucocorticoid
Aldosterone/mineralocorticoid
Androgens: precursors of estrogen and testosterone

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8
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Epinephrine/adrenaline
Norepinephrine/noradrenaline
Small amount of dopamine

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9
Q

Thyroid and Parathyroid

A

Calcitonin vs. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
T3/triiodothyronine
T4/thyroxine

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10
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin vs. Glucagon

Somatostatin (GHIH)

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11
Q

Hypothalamus (not a gland)

A

Below thalamus; ANS regulation

  • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
  • Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
  • Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
  • Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)
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12
Q

HPA Axis

A

stress -> hypothalamus (CRH via hypophyseal capillary network) -> anterior pituitary (ACTH) -> adrenal cortex (cortisol) -> increased gluconeogenesis, fat/protein metabolism, blood sugar, decreased immune system/inflammation

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13
Q

HPG Axis

A

hypothalamus (GnRH via hypophyseal capillary network) -> anterior pituitary (LH and FSH) -> matured sperm/eggs -> gonads (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)

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14
Q

RAA System

A

decreased BP -> juxtaglomerular cells release renin enzyme -> cleaves angiotensin to angiotensin I -> angiotensin II -> stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone –> stimulates distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to release water and Na- back into blood -> increased BP

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15
Q

Estrogen

A

steroid, ovaries, inhibits prolactin, establishes endometrial thickening of uterine wall, peak before ovulation

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16
Q

Progesterone

A

steroid, ovaries, inhibits prolactin, protects endometrium , peak after ovulation

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17
Q

Testosterone

A

steroid, testes

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18
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus release of GnRH through hypophyseal capillary network in brain
  • induces maturation of eggs (ovarian follicles), sperm (sertoli cells)
  • peak at ovulation
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19
Q

Leutenizing Hormone (LH)

A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus release of GnRH through hypophyseal capillary network in brain
  • induces synthesis of estrogen, testosterone (interstitial cells), progesterone
  • peak induces ovulation
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20
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus release of CRH through hypophyseal capillary network in brain
  • stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
21
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary releases TSH to stimulate thyroid to release T3 and T4 to regulate metabolic rate
  • Negative feedback inhibition from T3 and T4
22
Q

Prolactin

A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus activation from suckling
  • induces production of milk in mammary glands
  • inhibited by estrogen and progesterone and dopamine
23
Q

Endorphins

A
  • peptides
  • endogenous pain killers released from anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus activation from pain/exercise
  • Processed through endocannabinoid system
24
Q

Growth hormone (somatotropin)

A
  • peptides
  • anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus release of GHRH
  • Stimulates cell/bone/muscle growth and increases rate of protein anabolism
25
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

A
  • peptide
  • synthesized in hypothalamus upon high blood osmolarity and transported to posterior pituitary by neurons
  • stimulates H2O permeability in collecting ducts to release H2O back into blood to decrease blood osmolarity
  • associated with thirst
26
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • peptide
  • released by posterior pituitary upon stimulation of hypothalamic neurons from human interaction
  • induces release of milk from mammary glands
27
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • peptide
  • released by thyroid
  • stimulates osteoblasts to build bone using calcium from blood (decreases blood calcium)
28
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A
  • peptide
  • released by parathyroid
  • stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone releasing calcium into blood
29
Q

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

A
  • Tyrosine derivatives
  • released by thyroid stimulated by TSH
  • Increase metabolic rate and O2 consumption
  • Regulated through negative feedback with TSH
  • T3 more potent, shorter half life, less available in blood
  • T4 converted to T3 in tissues
30
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline technically NT)

A
  • Tyrosine derivatives (catecholamines)
  • released by adrenal medulla stimulated by sympathetic nervous response
  • Vasoconstriction of GI, vasodilation of lungs, heart, brain, muscles for fight or flight
31
Q

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

A
  • peptide

- released by hypothalamus through hypophyseal capillary portal to activate anterior pituitary to release ACTH

32
Q

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

A
  • peptide

- released by hypothalamus through hypophyseal capillary portal to activate anterior pituitary to release GH

33
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A
  • peptide

- released by hypothalamus through hypophyseal capillary portal to activate anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

34
Q

Insulin

A
  • peptide
  • released by pancreas beta islet cells to decrease blood glucose and proteins
  • stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver and muscles
  • fat converted to adipocytes
  • opposite glucagon
  • Type I diabetes: (youth) defective beta cells cannot release insulin
  • Type II: (obese) defective insulin receptors resistant to insulin
35
Q

Glucagon

A
  • peptide released by pancreas alpha islets opposite insulin
  • when blood sugar/protein is low (hunger)
  • stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver
36
Q

Somatostatin

A
  • peptide released by pancreas delta islets

- inhibits the activity of other hormones to slow endocrine signaling and lower metabolic rate

37
Q

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

A
  • steroid released by adrenal cortex after stimulation from ACTH from anterior pituitary stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus (HPA)
  • stress hormone
  • increases blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis and fat/protein metabolism
  • depresses immune system
38
Q

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

A
  • steroid released by adrenal cortex
  • stimulated by low BP
  • stimulates collecting duct to release Na+/Cl- and H2O into blood to increase BP
  • also brings K+ and H+ into collecting duct
  • associated with thirst
39
Q

Pineal gland

A

Releases melatonin (trp peptide) in the epithalamus between the 2 thalamus halves in response to dark

40
Q

Gastrin

A

Peptide hormone released by G-cells of pyloric glands in the stomach; stimulates HCl release from parietal cells for acidification

41
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Peptide hormone in duodenum signals for gallbladder to release bile and pancreas to release alkaline juices into small intestine (associated with satiety)

42
Q

Ghrelin

A

Peptide hormone produced and released in stomach when empty (hunger); stimulated by the sight, smell, sounds, taste of food

43
Q

Leptin

A

Peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissue to suppress hunger (satiety) by suppressing release of orexin to maintain healthy body fat levels

44
Q

Albumin

A

Protein produced by liver for transporting steroid hormones in blood

45
Q

Secretin

A

Peptide hormone in duodenum stimulates release of pancreatic juices and slows gastric motility

46
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

A

Peptide hormone released from heart during high BP/high sodium; binds kidney/blood vessel receptors to promote salt excretion to lower BP

47
Q

Orexin

A

Neuropeptide released by neurons to increase appetite

48
Q

Catecholamines

A

Released by adrenal glands: dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
Promote glycogenolysis and increase basal metabolic rate of glucose to produce energy for action (stimulated by sympathetic nervous system)

49
Q

Thymosin

A

Peptide hormone released by thymus (lymph gland near heart pericardium) to direct maturation of T-cells
+ selection: induces apoptosis in cells that do not recognize MHC
- selection: induces apoptosis in self-reactive cells

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