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PSY1202 Introduction to biological psychology > Hormone structure and action > Flashcards

Hormone structure and action Flashcards

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1
Q

forms of chem communication

A

autocrine

neurocrine

paracrine

endocrine

pheromone

allomone

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2
Q

autocrine comm

A

Chemical released by cell affects its own activity

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3
Q

neurocrine (synaptic) comm

A

Chemical released by neuron diffuses across synaptic cleft and affects postsynaptic membrane

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4
Q

paracrine comm

A

Chemical released into extracellular env and affects nearby target cells

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5
Q

endocrine (hormone) comm

A

Chemical released into bloodstream and selectively affects (distant) organs

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6
Q

pheromone comm

A

Chemical released into external env and affects conspecifics (members of same species)

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7
Q

allomone comm

A

Chemical released into external env and affects heterospecifics (members of other species)

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8
Q

what are hormones

A

Bioregulators of endocrine system

Secreted by specialised cells directly into the blood

Selectively act on target cells

chem messengers

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9
Q

3 main types of hormones

A

protein (peptide)

amine

steroid

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10
Q

transmission of endocrine signals

A

target cell has to have right type of receptor

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11
Q

protein hormones

A

Chain of AAs

Peptide hormones have short chain

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12
Q

types of protein hormones

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin

Prolactin

Insulin

Glucagon

Growth hormone (GH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Luteinising hormone (LH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Releasing hormones, inc. corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Most released from hypothalamus

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13
Q

amine hormones

A

Modified single AA (a.k.a. monoamine hormones)

Smaller and simpler than protein hormones

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14
Q

types of amine hormones

A

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Thyroid hormones

Melatonin

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15
Q

action of protein and amine hormones

A

don’t travel into cell

Bind to specific receptors on outside of cells

Act ‘rapidly’ (secs-mins)

Can have prolonged effects

Sensitivity can be altered by increasing (upregulating)/decreasing (downregulating) numbers of receptors on cell

Stored in vesicles and secreted on demand

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16
Q

steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol

Made from 4 interconnected carbon rings

Soluble in lipids - dissolve in fats - imp consequences - cross cell membrane

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17
Q

types of steroid hormones

A

Oestrogen

Progestins

Androgens (e.g. testosterone)

Glucocorticoids

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18
Q

action of steroid hormones

A

Act on specific receptors inside cells

Act ‘slowly’ (hrs)

Gave long-lasting effects via transcription of DNA

Sensitivity can be altered by presence/absence of co-factors necessary for cells to respond

Cannot be stored - must be synthesised on demand

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19
Q

endocrine glands/organs

A

Exocrine - release substances onto surface - sweat, salivary, tear ducts

heavily vascularised with blood vessels

follicles of endocrine cells secrete hormones into lumen

hormone transported into thin-walled capillary and flows into bloodstream - 1 cell thick

ductless - no ducts leading to bloodstream

20
Q

endocrine system subdivisions

A

Endocrine - typically respond to levels of chems in blood - not directly controlled by nervous system

21
Q

what controls hormone production?

A

Needs to be constantly managed

Feedback loops play key role

Usually involved neg feedback: high levels hormone inhibit further production —> maintains homeostasis

Sometimes involves pos feedback

E.g. oxytocin secretion in milk letdown reflex

22
Q

key hormone production pathways

A

Autocrine feedback

Target cell feedback

Brain reg

Brain and pituitary reg

23
Q

autocrine feedback example

A

prostaglandins - inhibit acid secretion - e.g. HCl

24
Q

target cell feedback example

A

insulin pathway - reg of blood sugar

25
Q

brain regulation example

A

alarm response

26
Q

brain and pituitary regulation example

A

temp regulation

27
Q

the pituitary gland

A

Consists of 2 parts, do diff things:

  • Anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
  • Posterior pituitary/neurophypophysis
28
Q

how do hormones act within the body?

A

ST effects - e.g. oxytocin milk letdown reflex

LT effects - e.g. growth hormone: bone growth

29
Q

ST effects example

A

Oxytocin: milk letdown reflex

30
Q

LT effects example

A

Growth hormone (GH/somatotropin): reg of bone growth

Some LT effects can be reversed

e.g. psychosocial dwarfism

31
Q

organisms use several types of chem communication

A

Hormones just one variety of modes chem communication between cells

Ntms cross tiny gap during synaptic transmission

Autocrine signal and paracrine signals

Pheromones and allomones

32
Q

hormonal actions can be organised according to general principles

A

Unlike neuronal signalling, hormones spread more slowly and act throughout the body

Some hormones act on receptors in wide variety of cells and can coord influences on activities of most cells in the body

Other hormones have receptors in only certain special cells/organs

33
Q

peptide and amine hormones

A

Bind to receptor molecules at surface of target cell membrane and activate second-messenger molecules inside cell

Steroid hormones pass through membrane and bind to receptor molecules inside cell, ultimately regulating gene expression

34
Q

feedback control mechanisms regulate the secretion of hormones

A

Neg feedback system monitors and controls rate of secretion of each hormone

Hormone acts on target cells, leading them to change amount of substance they release

In simplest case, hormone also acts on endocrine cells, and this regulates further output of endocrine gland

Other hormones controlled by releasing hormone from hypothalamus that regulates release of anterior pituitary tropic hormone, which in turn controls secretion by endocrine gland

Endocrine gland hormone then provides neg feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary

35
Q

the posterior pituitary

A

Posterior pituitary hormones manufactured by neuroendocrine cells in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus, which send axons down pituitary stalk to terminate on caps there

When neuroendocrine cells stimulated to produce AP, release oxytocin/vasopressin into circulation

36
Q

hypothalamic releasing hormones and anterior pituitary

A

Anterior pituitary hormones controlled by overlying hypothalamus

Hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells send axons to median eminence to secrete releasing hormones into hypophyseal portal system, which transports releasing hormones to pituitary

Diff hypothalamic releasing hormones either stimulate/inhibit anterior pituitary cells that secrete tropic hormones

37
Q

the gonads produce steroid hormones, reg production

A

Hypothalamic cells secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into hypophyseal portal system to stimulate anterior pituitary cells to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which stimulates the gonads to release steroid hormones

The principle gonadal steroids in males = androgens such as testosterone, while ovaries release oestrogen such as estradiol and progestins such as progesterone

38
Q

hormonal and neural systems interact to produce integrated responses

A

Many behaviours require coord of neural and hormonal components

Messages may be transmitted in body via neural-neural, neural-endocrine, endocrine-endocrine/endocrine-neural links

Experience affects hormone secretion, and hormones affect behaviour and therefore future experiences

39
Q

hormones are chemical messengers that are

A

Produced in endocrine cells

Secreted into the bloodstream

Transported by the bloodstream

Act on specific target cells - typically some distance away from where produced

40
Q

Anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis

A

Synthesises and secretes hormones

41
Q

Posterior pituitary/neurophypophysis

A

Stores and secretes only (no synthesis)

42
Q

autocrine signal

A

acts upon cell that released it

43
Q

paracrine signal

A

act on nearby cells

44
Q

pheromones

A

chem signals to indvs of same species

45
Q

allomones

A

communicate with indvs of other species

PSY1202 Introduction to biological psychology (23 decks)

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