hormone lab Flashcards
Insulin types:
- origin
- duration
- Caninsulin (swine origin)
- ProZinc ® (human)
- Insuman®- Rapid
Insulin indications:
Indications:
DM type 1
-diagnostic use, cow ketosis (rapid)
Side effects insulin:
hypoglycaemia (relative too)
- allergy
- Somogyi rebound effect
Pancreas oral antidiabetics:
Names and function
- Acarbose : dogs and cats, retardation of
CH absorption - Sulfonylureas increased insulin secretion
- glipizide (prefered use in cats)
*gliclazide
*glibenclamide
*Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide( long acting),
Metahexamide
- glipizide (prefered use in cats)
- Biguanides decrease of insulin resistance
- metformine
- buformine
- fenformine
- Glinides increased insulin secretion
- nateglinide
- Glitazones activation of nuclear receptors, liver, adipose tissue and muscles increased insulin sensitivity
pioglitazone
SOMATOTROPIN
1 GH drugs
2 inhibitory drugs
=GROWTH PROMOTER
1. Somatrem
2.
- Synthetic somatostatin analogues: Octreotide, Lanreotide
- Dopaminergic agents (e.g. Cabergoline) - feedback, praesynaptic!
- Pegvisomant
Corticotropin
use:
- To increase glucocorticoid level in such conditions where its level is relatively or absolutely low
- Cow-ketosis
- Restore (recall) the function of adrenal cortex (after prolonged use of glucocorticoids)
- Stimulation test /differential diagnosis of adrenocortical hypo- and/or hyperplasia
THYROTROPIN (TSH)
- EFFECT:
- USES
- increases iodine uptake by the thyroid gland and the production and secretion of thyroid hormones.
- in research
- treatment of acanthosis nigricans (?)
- to diagnose primary hypothyroidism
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH), VASOPRESSIN uses:
- differentiate diabetes insibidus (DI) from diabetes mellitus
- diagnose and treat DI
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH), VASOPRESSIN - drugs
- Desmopressin (SC, PO,nose spray)
- Natural Vasopressin nasal spray
- Chlorpropamide (PO)
- thiazide diuretics (DI)
Overproduction of ADH = SIADH
- drugs
- Conivaptan only for iv. use
- Tolvaptan
- Lixivaptan
Non-specific drugs:
- demeclocycline
- teracyclines
- lithium
- antidepressants
Lack of insulin results in:
= (signs of diabetes mellitus, DM) - glucose intolerance - hyperglycaemia - glucosuria - polyuria/ polydipsia - saluresis (Na, K) - weight loss incomplete fat metabolism ---> incr. plasma free fatty acids ---> ketoacidosis ---> coma = complicated form of diabetes mellitus
Insulin:
- Uses:
- to treat diabetes mellitus (dog and cat)
- ketosis and fatty liver in cattle which are non-responsive to glucose or glucocorticoid therapy alone
Types of insulin:
- how lond do they act?
- Regular (crystalline zinc, soluble) insulin:
rapid onset, duration generally short (4-8 h) - IV (only this type), SC (IM) - Insulin Zinc Suspension (Lente insulin) Caninsulin®
(12-24 h) - Protamine Zinc Insulin (24-36 h)
- Isophane insulin (12-30h)
SE insulin:
- acute hypoglycaemia - excessive insulin dose or inadequate food intake
- Hypoglycaemia induced hyperglycaemia: compensatory release of insulin-antagonistic hormones (glucagon, catecholamines, glucocorticoids, growth hormone)
- Allergic reaction, antibody formation
Insulin interactions:
- drugs reducing hypoglycaemia:
- drugs increasing hypoglycaemia:
- drugs which reduce hypoglycaemic activity: glucocorticoids, dobutamin, oestrogen/progesterone, xylazine, thiazide diuretics
- drugs which increase hypoglycaemic activity: anabolic steroids, beta-adrenerg blockers (propranolol), MAO inhibitors, phenylbutazone, salicylates, (alcohol)
Action of oral antidiabetics:
release of insulin: incr.
sensitivity of the cells to insulin: incr.
number of receptors: incr:
the binding of isulin to plasma proteins: decr.
glucagon releases: decr:
thyroid hormones:
- Functions
- Control of metabolic rate in all tissues! (CH, protein metabolism)
- role in normal differentiation, development and function of nervous, reproductive and musculo-skeletal tissues
thyroid hormones:
- deficiency—>
- obesity
- weakness, lethargy, hypothermia
- mental retardedness
- neuropathies
- muscles weakness
- poor haircoat
- decreased heartrate, cardiac output
- female: anoestrus, male: azospermia
- reccurent infections
Hypothyroidism:
- may arise from?
Hyperthyroidism:
- More common than hyperthyroidism in domestic animals (dogs).
- It may arise from:
1. deficiency of iodine (pig, birds),
2.feeding cabbage (in ruminants),
3. malfunction of the thyroid gland itself (primary
hypythyroidism)
4. deficient output of TSH from the pituitary gland
(secondary hypothyroidism).
Hyperthyroidism occurs in dogs,
but more frequently in cats.
Hypothyroidism:
- drugs:
- Iodine containing agents: iodised salt, Lugol’s solution
- levothyroxine Na (FORTHYRON)
- liothyronine (Lack of tissue deiodinase)
overdose: hyperthyroidism like signs
Hyperthyroidism:
- drugs
- side effects
•THIOURACILS:
Methimazol, Tiamazol (FELIMAZOL®, APELKA ®), thiouracil
- Side effects: Liver damage, emesis, immune mediated
haemolytic anaemia, facial pruritus
MINERALOCORTICOIDS:
- physiological role:
- increased Na+ reabsorption
- water retention
- blood-pressure
- inflammatory processes
Adrenal cortex
- dectreased; increased productions leads to —>
- Addison’s disease
decreased hormone production/hypoadrenocorticism - Cushing syndrome
increased hormone production/hyperadrenocorticism
Adrelan cortex produces:
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
gonadocorticoids
Side-effects of preparations for treatment of hypoadrenocorticism:
hypokalaemia Hypernatraemia, water retention muscle weakness hypertension increased susceptibility to inflammation
Cushings/hyperadrenocorticism:
- types and treatment
PITUITARY-DEPENDENT CUSHING’S SYNDROME
- Bromocriptine (dog, horse)
Cyproheptadine-HCl: PERITOL® syrup (dog horse)
PITUITARY- AND/OR ADRENAL-DEPENDENT CUSHING’S SYNDROME: - Ketoconazole - Mitotane (LYSODREN®) highly effective but toxic - Trilostane (VETORYL®)
HORMONES AFFECTING REPRODUCTION:
- Groups and hormones
Sex steroids:
- Oestrogens,
- Androgens,
- Gestagens
Other types:
- Gn-RH analogues,
- Pituitary and non-pituitary gonadotrophins,
- Prostaglandins,
- Oxytocin,
- Melatonin
GONADOTROPHIC RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH) Decapeptides: - production - release - action - factors influencing LH/FSH release - application
- Production - Optic and suprachiasmatic areas of the hypothalamus (small amounts in uterus, ovary)
- Pulsative release
- Composition is same in all mammals
- Action: stimulate the production and release of FSH and LH
- Factors influencing LH/FSH release: (dose, route of administration, the endocrine state of the animal).
- Synthetic forms and analogues are available
Application: SC, IM (equine IV), SC implants chemical sterilization
GONADOTROPHIC RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH)
Decapeptides:
- drugs and animals it can be used for
Gonadorelin: horse-cow, swine, rabbit
Buserelin: horse, cow, rabbit
Fertirelin: cow
Lecirelin: cow
Deslorelin: (SUPRELORIN SC implant, male dogs, 6 month duration, chemical castration)
(GnRH)
- uses:
Uses: wide range of species
- reduce the time interval from calving to first ovulation
- reatment of ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cattle
- control the time of ovulation at the end of prostaglandin or progestogen synchronisation schedule
- allow the timing of ovulation and covering to be arranged more precisely in mares during oestrus= maximise the chance of conception and nidation
- provoke ovulation in rabbits
- increase fertility rate in sows and fur-farming
- Rainbow trout: facilitate stripping, reducing egg binding
- Chemical castration (human, K9)
(GnRH)
- Side-effects
- warnings
- Hyperthermia
- allergic reaction
- Luteal „yellow” body (corpus luteum, CL) cysts
Should not be used in pregnant animals (embryo death)
Should not be used in starved, cahectic animals
Anterior pituitary gonadotrophins
- name of hormones and use
LH: - to induce ovulation
- to luteinize follicular cysts
- to induce follicular growth and ovulation (small
multiple)
FSH: - to induce follicular growth for the purpose of
supra-ovulation
- in donor cows used for embryo transfer procedure.
Non-pituitary gonadotrophins
- example
- activity
PREGNANT MARE SERUM GONADOTROPHIN (PMSG, eCG)
- secreted in mares in early pregnancy in order to maintain a luteotrophic effect upon the primary and secondary CL in the mare
- mainly FSH-like activity and some LH activity (in mare LH activity is dominant) - long half-life (2-5 days)
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
- secreted from the chorionic portion of placenta
- It has predominantly LH-like activity
PREGNANT MARE SERUM GONADOTROPHIN
- use
- preparations
Use:
Females:
- to induce follicular growth and ovulation (alone or after pre-treatment with progesterone, progestagens - cow, goat ewe)
- for superovulation ( increase litter size, embryo transfer)
Males:
- to stimulate spermatogenesis and libido
Preparations:
WERFASER inj., GONADOPHYL inj., SUIDAN inj. (+ hCG)
(combination with hCG is effectively used for treatment post-weaning anoestrus in sows)
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
- use
- drugs:
Females:
- cause ovulation in the mare at time of breeding
- treatment of nymphomania due to cystic ovaries
- ovarian stimulation
Males:
- treatment of cryptorchidism (when no anatomical abnormality is present)
Several veterinary licensed products are available
- WERFACHOR inj.
- NYMFALON inj. (+ progesterone)
- P.G. inj.
- SUIDAN inj. (+PMSG)
- PROLAN S inj. (+ oestradiol) (in sow to provoke ovulation)
OESTROGENS
- produced in?
ovarian follicle, CL., adrenal cortex, testicles, placenta
- In the therapy the synthetic ester-derivatives (oestradiol benzoate, cypionate, valerate) are generally used.
OESTROGENS
- effects
- kinetics
- development of the female sex organs
- development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics
- incr. cell height and secretion of the cervical mucosa
endometrial proliferation and incr. uterine tone - general metabolism: slight anabolic effect, fat distribution
incr. sodium and water retention
incr. calcium deposition, ossification
incr. epiphyseal closure
KINETICS: Can be absorbed through the skin, mucous membrane, GI tract (some hepatic inactivation), SC, IM
Metabolism in liver elimination primarily in urine
OESTROGENS
Females: clinical use
- control reproduction is limited
- treatment of uterine infections
- inhibition of nidation - misalliance in the bitch
- treat urinary incontinence and dermatitis in old ovariectomised bitches
- diminish/stop lactation in bitches and cats
- treat cattle having persistent CL due to certain cases (in sow oesrtogen is luteotrophic!)
OESTROGENS
males: clinical use
- anal adenoma, prostate hypertrophy, benign tumour
OESTROGENS
TOXICITY, SIDE-EFFECTS:
(prolonged use or large dose)
- in cow: postparturient straining with prolapse of
vagina, uterus
- in dog: anaemia, endometritis
- ovarian suppression and hypoplasia –> ovarian
cysts
- feminisation in the male
- it should not be given to animals with mammary
tumours, during pregnancy
OESTROGENS
- VETERINARY Preparations:
- OESTRADIOL BENZOATE inj.
- Oestradiol cypionate - ECP inj.
- Oestradiol valerate
Anti-oestrogen compounds
- Aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole, letrozole) of oestrogen synthesis.
- Oestrogen Receptor Modulators /mixed agonists/antagonists/
- Tamoxifen - treatment of oestrogen-dependent mammary tumours (but uterus!)
- Raloxifen – antagonist in mammary gland and uterus, agonist in bones
- Clomiphene – only central (hypothalamic-pituitary) effect.
Main physiological effects of progesterone:
- nidation and maintenance of pregnancy
- suppression of oestrus and blocking ovulation
progesterone:
- use in veterinary practice:
- most effectove preparations:
- synchronisation
- prevent embryonic death: not satisfactory
- delay parturition: not effective
Synthetic preparations (progestogens/progestins) are more effective with long duration of action.
- TYPE 1. Strong gestagens („1st generation” e.g. MAP, Norgestomet)
- TYPE 2. Weak gestagens („2nd generation” e.g. Proligeston)
Medroxy progesterone (MAP)
- uses
- drugs
- SE
- to control oestrus and ovulation in cyclic ewes
- to induce oestrus in anoestrus ewes administration as intravaginal sponge (VERAMIX)
- to inhibit the onset of the next oestrus in bitches with mid-oestrus (should not be given in pro-oestrus)
(DEPO-PROMONE inj., PROVERA tabl.) - Side effects: cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mammary tumours
- Fluorogestone acetate (FGA)
use
- oestrus synchronisation in ewe (CHRONOGEST intravaginal sponge)
- Norgestomet
use
- strong gestagen
- to induce and synchronise ovulation in heifers and cows (CRESTAL implant)
Proligestone and Megestrol acetate
-use
=weak progestogens with antigonadotrophic effects (cats & dogs)
- In females: to prevent or suppress oestrus and ovulation in companion animals (COVINAN inj., OVARID tabl.)
In males: anal adenoma, prostate hypertrophy, benign tumour, increased sexual activity, strange behaviour
Altrenogest (allyl-trenbolone)
use
- oestrus synchronisation, is used in mares and sows p.o.
it is absorbed from skin -use with care!
Melengestrol acetate (MGA)
- use
- SE?
- to suppress oestrus in heifers and increase growth (oral)
it is banned in EU
„side effect”: forms cysts –> elevated oestrogen level
ANTIPROGESTOGENS
- use
to terminate pregnancy - abortion
- Aglepristone (ALIZINE) SC
- Dopamin receptor agonists; bromocriptine, cabergoline (prolactin inhibition —> less progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum)
PROGESTOGENS
- types
- Melengestrol acetate (MGA)
- Altrenogest
- Proligestone and Megestrol acetate
- Norgestomet
- Fluorogestone acetate
- Medroxy progesterone (MAP)
ANDROGENS
- natural comounds
- physiological effects
- Natural compounds:
TESTOSTERONE, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE, ANDROSTENEDIONE
Physiological effects:
-they stimulate spermatogenesis
- secondary male characteristics
muscle development –> nitrogen, potassium,
phosphorous retention: anabolic effect
Androgens
- clinical use
Clinical use:
- treatment of infertility, hypogonadism, aspermia, decreased libido,response is rather unsatisfactory
- hormonal alopecia, certain mammary tumours
- treat androgen deficiency in old castrated dog
- androgenised cows for detection of oestrus in cattle
(sheep as well)
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
- drugs
- preparations
- side effects
- Stanozole
- Nandrolone
- Metandienone
Preparations:
STROMBA tabl. (Stanozolole)
NEROBOL tabl. (Metandienone)
NEROBOLIL and RETABOLIL inj. (Nandrolone)
Serious side-effects (e.g. vasoconstriction, heart failure, impotence, sperm deformity)
Stanozole, Nandrolone, Metandienone
uses
Use:
- in ageing animal or patient with chronic diseases, polytrauma, etc. suffering from weight loss
- to promote recovery from debilitating disease
- stimulation of erythropoietin, bown regeneration
(not for growth promotion, influence the race performance!)
Anti-androgens:
drugs
Ciproterone
Delmadinon
PROSTAGLANDINS
- synthetic analoges
Synthetic analogues: Alfaprostol PGF2alfa - Dinoprost (DINOLYTIC) Cloprostenol (REMOPHAN, ESTRUMATE, PLANATE) Luprostiol (PROSOLVIN) Etiproston (PROSTAVET-C)
PROSTAGLANDINS
-use
USE:
- oestrus synchronisation (mares, cows, ewes and goats)
- to induce parturition (sows, mares, cows with glucocorticoid)
- for abortion
- for treatment pyometra
PROSTAGLANDINS
-SE?
Side-effects: colic disorders, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhoea, bronchoconstriction, abortion
UTERINE STIMULATING AGENTS
- groups
- OXYTOCIN
- PROSTAGLANDINS
- ERGOT ALKALOIDS
- CHOLINERGIC /PARASYMPATHETIC/ DRUGS
UTERINE STIMULATING AGENTS
- Indications
during prolonged parturition if…
to promote involution (flaccid uterus)
for post-parturient haemorrhage
OXYTOCIN
- uses
USES
- uterine inertia; during delivery in all species
- retention of eggs (birds, reptiles)
- after parturition
- milk let down (mastitis)
With special care:
- After caesarean section
- After reposition of prolapsed uterine
Carbetocin
=(DEPOTOCIN inj.)
- Synthetic analogue of oxytocin
- Much longer half-life (less frequent injection, daily once)
ERGOT ALKALOIDS
- groups
. uses
- Ergotoxin (not used, tetany-like spasmodic effect)
- Ergotamine (only after parturition)
- Ergometrine
- potent uterine stimulant
- rarely used during parturition
- post-partum (haemorrhage, retained placenta)
promotes the expulsion of the contents of the
uterus
PROSTAGLANDINS
- side effects?
Side-effects are common: colic disorders, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, bronchoconstriction
PROSTAGLANDINS
- drugs
- which species
Etiproston (Cow: IM)
Luprostiol (Mare, Sow, Cow, IM)
Dinoprost (Mare, Cow, Sow IM!!)
UTERINE RELAXING AGENTS
- use
- To prevent abortion? /or progesterone?/
- To suppress contractions during
- Correction of malpresentation, during embryotomy,
obstetrical manoeuvers
UTERINE RELAXING AGENTS
- groups
- Beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (most significant)
- Antispasmodics
- Phenotiazines
- Anticholinergics e.g. Atropine
Beta2-adrenoceptor agonist:
- side effects
Isoxuprine: tachycardia, vasodilatation (!), tremor, sweating
Beta2-adrenoceptor agonist
- drugs
- Isoxuprine
- Clenbuterol
- Terbutaline
- Vetrabutin /Dimophebumine-HCl/ (MONZALDON®)
- Denaverine (SENSIBLEX®)
- Proquamezine, Aminopromazine
( MYSPAMOL® h ; JENOTONE®)
