Hormone Introduction Flashcards
what are the four tissue layers
connective
epithelial
nervous
muscle
transcription
DNA to RNA
what are the types of signals
sensory
environmental
chemical
what is a hormone
chemical signaling molecules that regulate physiological function
what are the four classes of hormones
peptides
glycoproteins
steroids
prostoglandins
what are peptides also known as
protein hormones
peptides
- small
- low molecular weight
- only few amino acids
what are the building blocks of peptides
amino acids
what are peptides joined by
peptide bonds
what are the building blocks of glycoproteins
peptides and carbs
glycoproteins
- very large
- high molecular weight
- carbohydrate side chains on each unit
how are glycoproteins made
- 2 peptides joined together
- alpha and beta subunits
what is the building blocks of steroids
cholesterol
steroids
- medium size and molecular weight
- hydrophobic
- lipid soluble
what is the common molecular nucleus called in steroids
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus
how are prostaglandins synthesized
from arachidonic acid
prostaglandins
- long chain of poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
- PGF2alpha
- PGE2
amplitude
amount being released
frequency
how often being released
what is the episodic pattern
- high amplitude
- low frequency
surge release
episodic
what is basal pattern
- low amplitude
- high frequency
tonic release
basal
what is sustained pattern
- remains high amplitude
- stable
- long time frame
what is another term for signal
ligand
when does a hormone begin to work
when it binds to its specific receptor
is outside of the cell hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophilic
is inside cell hydrophilic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
- lipid soluble
what kind of hormones cannot directly enter cell
peptide
glycoprotein
prostaglandins
what hormones utilize membrane receptors
peptide
glycoprotein
prostaglandins
what hormones must act through a second messenger system
peptide
glycoprotein
prostaglandins
what hormones utilize plasma membrane, cytoplasmic, and nuclear receptors
steroid
what hormones do not require a second messenger
steroid
which hormone complex becomes a transcription factor
steroid
what is the universal 2nd messenger
cAMP
what causes the G protein to be turned on
binding of hormone to receptor
what does the G protein lead to
adenylate cyclase
what is the job of the adenylate cyclase
cleaves off 2 phosphates
what is the job of the cAMP
activates cell to make products
what do peptides and glycoproteins binds to and degrade in
liver
what systems does the prostaglandin hormone go through
liver and lungs
what causes inactivation of prostaglandins
dehydrogenases
how are steroids solubilized
by binding to carrier proteins
- albumin
- sex hormone binding globulin
- transcortin
what is the process to steroid activation
- steroid passes thru liver
- liver renders steroid water soluble
- re-enters blood and enters kidney
- excreted in waste products as glucuronide or sulfate
