Hormone Chemistry Flashcards
Explain the general structure of steroids.
Draw the structure of steroids.
What sites/hormones do you expect to find steroids?
Which part(s) of the steroid structure produces most of its effect? (According to the Numbering system)
What type of hormones circulate freely in the blood?
Water soluble
What type of hormones are bound to transport proteins?
Lipid soluble
What type of proteins are lipid soluble hormones bound to?
Transport Proteins
What type of hormone binding protein consists of androgens/oestrogens?
What does sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) include?
What type of hormone binding protein consists of corticosteroids/progesterone?
What type of hormone binds to low molecular weight hormones?
Serum Albumin
What type of hormone does serum albumin bind to?
Where is testosterone released?
Testes
Explain how testosterone metabolism occurs.
What type of substances are found in the urine?
Primary Metabolites
Androsterone
Ethiochanolone
- Where do you expect to find primary metabolites, androsterone and etiocholanolone in males?
Urine
Draw and label the diagram that represents spermatogenesis.
What are the general functions of testosterone.
Explain the mechanism of action of steroids.
Explain the function of androgen receptor.
Name the 2 ligands that binds to androgen receptor.
What enzyme converts testosterone to DHT?
5a-reductase
What does 5a-reductase do?
Converts Testosterone to 5-DHT
What does DHT stand for?
What does AR stand for?
Androgen Receptor
Draw and label the diagram that represents the function of androgen receptor.
Draw and label the diagram that represents the conversion of testosterone to DHT.
Which type of testosterone is more potent?
5-DHT is more potent (2x more than testosterone)
What DHT’s disassociate value?
5x slower than testosterone.
- What are the key points to consider for the main function of testosterone?
Testosterone is converted to 5-HT.
Dimerisation
Explain how Helix H12 confirmation activates AR.
What are the 3 types of androgen therapy?
What does each type of androgen therapy do?
Give example of medications used for each androgen therapy.
- What are the similarities and differences between menopause and andropause?
What are the 3 major clinical incidences needed for androgen therapy?
What does HSD stand for?
What does UGT stand for?
Give examples of testosterone dosage forms available.
IM/IV
Topical i.e. Gels
Buccal
Oral
Explain the structure-activity relationship of testosterone.
What modifications can be done to the testosterone structure?
What is the half-life of endogenous testosterone?
10 - 100 minutes
Explain the main differences between androgenic and anabolic effects.
Androgenic - Secondary Male Characteristics
What is the name of the agent that had both anabolic and androgenic effects?
Explain how anabolic steroids help with muscle building.
What are the side effects of steroid abuse?
Change in Voice
Acne
What are the side effects of steroid abuse?
Change in Voice
Acne
- Give examples of androgenic steroid drugs.
Give examples of anabolic steroid drugs.
Explain the general relationship between DHT and hair loss.
High amounts of DHT can lead to hair loss.
Can take Finasteride to help reduce hair loss.
Finasteride only be taken for male not for women due to complications in foetal development.
Limited success
Explain the main properties of the prostate gland.
What is BPH?
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia - Enlargement of the Prostate Gland.
What are the characteristics of BPH?
At what age group is more at risk of BPH?
90 yrs
Explain the mechanism of action of Finasteride.
What drug class is Finasteride?
5a-reductase
Draw the structure of Finasteride and Dutasteride.
State the main differences between Finasteride and Dutasteride.
What are the common side effects of Finasteride?
Draw and label the diagram to represent ovulation.
What is the main function of oestrogens?
What are the 3 types of endogenous oestrogens?
Draw the structure of the following endogenous oestrogens:
a. Estradiol
b. Estrone
c. Estriol
How can Estradiol be converted?
How are the naturally occurring oestrogens produced?
Explain the main function of Aromatase.
Explain how estradiol is metabolised.
Explain the pharmacokinetics of Estradiol.
Explain the structure-activity relationship of oestrogen.
What are oestrogen analogues?
What is the main use of ethinylestradiol?
What changes to the estradiol structure are made to reduce metabolism?
What is the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol?
Explain the Erα & Erβ protein structure.
How is Erα protein expressed?
How is Erβ protein expressed?
Explain the differences between Erα & Erβ.
What is an example of an ER agonist?
Explain the structure-activity relationship of estradiol.
What are the key points to consider for activating ER receptor?
Explain ER dimerisation and activation processes.
Give an example of ER antagonist.
What is the structure of Raloxifene?
Explain the structure-activity relationship of Raloxifene.
Give an example of a progestogen.
What is the name of the most potent progestogen?
Where is progesterone secreted?
What is the pharmacokinetics of progesterone?
Draw the structure of Progesterone.
What is the function of progestogen?
Explain how synthetic progestins are used.
Explain the structure-activity relationship of progestin.
Draw the structure of progestin.
What are the 4 generations of progestins?
What are progestins?
What type of effects is produced from progestins?
Give examples of progestins.
What is the general half-life of progestins?
Draw the general structure of Progesterone.
Draw the general structure of Norethisterone.
Draw the general structure of Levonorgestrel.
Draw the general structure of Desogestrel.
Draw the general structure of Drospirenone.
What is Plan B?
How is plan B used in practice?
Explain the effect of plan B.
What is Desogesterol?
How is Desogesterol used in practice?
Explain the structure-activity relationship of Desogesterol.
Give an example of a COC used in practice.
What does COC consist of?
