Hormone and hormone behaviour

Question 1

Synaptic signalling

Answer 1

Communication mediated by neurotransmitters at a local level.

Question 2

Hormones

Answer 2

Substances released into the bloodstream that have their effect by binding to receptors on the cells at distant locations

Question 3

Endocrine glands

Answer 3

Glands that produce and release hormones in various regions of the body

Question 4

Endocrine signalling

Answer 4

Communication mediated by hormones having their effects by binding to receptors on cells at distant locations in the body.

Question 5

Endocrine system

Answer 5

The system of glands that release hormones at various locations within the body.

Question 6

Hormones are chemical messengers

Answer 6

A substance that mediates effects within the cells that produces it or that affects he functions of other cells

Question 7

Intracine hormone

Answer 7

A hormone that mediates effects within the same cell that synthesized it

Question 8

Autocrine hormone

Answer 8

A hormone that binds to receptor located on the cell that released it to regulate function

Question 9

Paracrine

Answer 9

A hormone that affects cells in the immediate vicinity of the cell that released it

Question 10

Exocrine hormone

Answer 10

A hormone released into a organism’s external environment like pheromones: They can be used as an alarm system, as when released by an animal under attack by a predator, producing an escape response in conspecifics

Question 11

Endocrine

Answer 11

A hormone released into the bloodstream that affects the function of cells at some distance from the source released

Question 12

Role of hypothalamus in hormone secretion

Answer 12

it has neurosecretory cells that synthesis and releases hormones like hypothalamic releasing hormones and hypothalamic inhibitory hormones to the pituitary gland .
they also release hese are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH

Question 13

Hypothalamic releasing hormones:

Answer 13

Hormones that cause the release of hormones from the pituitary.
hyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH, also known as somatocrinin), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

Question 14

Hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

Answer 14

Hormones that inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary.
growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH, also known as somatostatin) and gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH). Dopamine, the well-known monoamine neurotransmitter, also acts as an inhibitory hormone. In this function, dopamine is known as prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH).

Question 15

Posterior pituitary

Answer 15

Oxytocin and ADH are released into the bloodstream of the posterior pituitary from the axon terminals of neurosecretory cells

Question 16

Hypophyseal portal system

Answer 16

The mesh of small blood vessels that connect the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary where Hypothalamic releasing hormones and hypothalamic inhibiting hormones are released from the axon terminals of other neurosecretory cells i

Question 17

Anterior pituitary

Answer 17

the hypothalamic inhibitory or excitatory hormone triggers the release of other hormones including : thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), and gonadotropic hormone that matches the hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones with the corresponding anterior-pituitary hormones they release or inhibit.

Question 18

Steroid hormones

Answer 18

Hormones synthesized from cholesterol; produced in the adrenal glands: aldosterone and cortisol, ovaries (in women), and testes (in men): progesterone and testosterone. Steroid hormones can cross the cell membrane and can cause DNA to synthesize proteins by binding receptors within cells and entering the cell nucleus and binding to the DNA, which contains the code to synthesize proteins..

Question 19

Nonsteroid hormones

Answer 19

Also known as peptide or protein-like hormones; short chains of amino acids. Nonsteroid hormones cannot cross the cell membrane; they act through second messenger cascades. they include norepinephrine, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin

Question 20

Anabolic-androgenic steroids

Answer 20

Drugs designed to mimic the muscle-building (anabolic) and masculinizing (androgenic) effects of male steroids.

Question 21

Roid rage

Answer 21

A condition associated with users of anabolic-androgenic steroids, characterized by the loss of impulse control and overreaction to stimuli that do not usually provoke a reaction.

Question 22

ADH

Answer 22

When the plasma is said to be hypertonic, a condition in which cells lose water. This triggers the synthesis of ADH by the hypothalamus, which is released into the posterior pituitary. In turn, the posterior pituitary releases ADH into the general circulation. This induces the kidneys to retain more water and to decrease perspiration through sweat glands. It also acts to increase blood pressure by constricting blood vessels during severe blood loss

Question 23

Oxytocin

Answer 23

Oxytocin, by contrast, is involved in reproductive functions. Its release causes contraction of the uterus during birth. Oxytocin is also responsible for the “letdown” reflex in mothers. It is released in response to stimulation of the nipple, causing a milk letdown.

Question 24

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 24

induces the thyroid gland to release the hormone thyroxine. Thyroxine is important for, among other things, maintaining the body’s metabolic rate, muscle control, and brain development. Infants born with insufficient levels of thyroxine will suffer intellectual deficiency unless it is administered to them shortly after birth

Question 25

Hypothyroidism

Answer 25

A condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroxine. Among a whole range of symptoms, hypothyroidism can lead to depression, fatigue, and memory impairments.

Question 26

Hyperthyroidism,

Answer 26

the thyroid produces too much thyroxine. An excess of thyroxine increases the body’s metabolic rate, also leading to a range of symptoms. These include weight loss, anxiety, irritability, fatigue, and muscle weakness.

Question 27

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Answer 27

In the presence of a stressor, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) into the anterior pituitary. In response to CRH, the anterior pituitary releases Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ( ACTH) in the general circulation. ACTH binds to receptors in the adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys. The binding of ACTH to these receptors stimulates the release of the hormone cortisol. It is involved in triggering the “fight or flight” response of the sympathetic nervous system . It also provides the body with a burst of energy by preventing glucose from being stored, thus making more of it available to the muscles, while shutting down processes that are not essential for immediate survival.

Question 28

Prolactin

Answer 28

Prolactin, which is released in response to the release of prolactin-releasing peptide from the hypothalamus, is the hormone that stimulates the production of milk

Question 29

Growth hormone

Answer 29

in response to the release of GHRH from the hypothalamus. Growth hormone is responsible for the growth of all tissues of the body.During puberty, a surge of GH accounts for the significant increase in body size. A gradual drop in GH occurs during aging. This drop results in loss of muscle a

Question 30

Adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD

Answer 30

Abnormally low levels of growth hormone in adults with disease or trauma that affects the hypothalamus or pituitary.

Question 31

GH therapy

Answer 31

The therapeutic administration of growth hormone in individuals with abnormally low levels of the hormone.

Question 32

Gonadotropic Hormones.

Answer 32

hey are released from the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH from the hypothalamus. The gonadotropic hormones include luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In women, LH stimulates the production of estradiol (an estrogen) from the ovaries and FSH stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles, the fluid-filled sacs that contain immature eggs.
n men, LH stimulates the production of testosterone from the testes and FSH stimulates sperm production.

Question 33

Social behaviour

Answer 33

Behavioral interactions between individuals of the same species that are beneficial to one or more individuals of the species.
some bring animals together while others drift them apart.

Question 34

Social behavior neural network

Answer 34

A network of interconnected brain areas that are thought to underlie the neurobiological basis of social behaviors.
These areas are thought to include the extended amygdala, the preoptic area, the anterior hypothalamus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, the periaqueductal gray matter, and the lateral septum. The hormones oxytocin and vasopressin have receptors in each of the areas of the SBNN.
Newman (1999) suggested that different types of social behaviors were associated with different patterns of activation of neurons in the SBNN, for example, aggression, sexual behavior, and paternal care.

Question 35

Social recognition:

Answer 35

The ability to recognize individuals to determine how to act with them. The hippocampus, which lies within the medial temporal lobes, has for a long time been implicated in the formation of memories . More recently, parts of the hippocampus were found to be rich in both oxytocin and vasopressin receptors. Studies have shown that inhibiting those receptors impairs social recognition. In contrast, enhancing the function of these receptors facilitates social recognition

Question 36

Pair bonding

Answer 36

A monogamous relationship between a male and a female (sometimes between individuals of the same sex) of the same species that leads to reproduction and a lifelong bond.

Question 37

Experiments on female prairie voles on oxcitocin

Answer 37

Intracerebroventricular infusions of oxytocin facilitated the preference for the familiar male over the unfamiliar male compared to the infusions of only cerebrospinal fluid.
infusions of oxytocin did not result in significant partner preference in female prairie voles in which the gene encoding oxytocin receptors in the brain was inhibited
Peripheral infusions (throughout the body) had no effect. This means that the infused oxytocin exerted its effects by acting on cells within the brain.

Question 38

Experiment on male prairie voles on Vasopressin

Answer 38

pair bonding also includes defending the nest and territory. This requires the voles to act aggressively. Male voles also attack novel male intruders during mating. These types of behaviors in voles have been shown to be regulated by vasopressin. Mating males showed no signs of aggression toward an intruder when injected with a vasopressin-receptor antagonist

Question 39

differences in social behavior between monogamous and nonmonogamous

Answer 39

nonmonogamous montane vole, oxytocin receptors were found to be highly concentrated in the lateral septum, ventromedial hypothalamus, and cortical nucleus of the amygdala. In contrast, the density of oxytocin receptors in the prairie vole was highest in the nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
the density of vasopressin receptors was highest in the medial prefrontal cortex and lateral septum. In the prairie vole, the density of vasopressin receptors was highest in the lateral and medial amygdala, accessory olfactory bulb, diagonal band, thalamus, and ventral pallidum.

Question 40

Parenting

Answer 40

The process that promotes and supports the development of offspring through caregiving. Depending on the species, this may include physical, emotional, behavioral, intellectual, and social development.

Question 41

Network of parental care

Answer 41

A network of brain areas known to be involved in generating and maintaining parental behavior, which consists of the median preoptic area, the amygdala, and the dopamine reward pathway.
arental care is driven by both bottom-up and top-down processes, which means that parental behaviors are also generated by conscious thought, based on information from the senses. These nonautomatic behaviors are more flexible and rely on cortical rather than subcortical brain areas.

Question 42

Reproductive behavior

Answer 42

Any behavioral pattern that results in sperm and egg being brought together to produce offspring.

Question 43

Sexual behavior

Answer 43

A component of reproductive behavior that includes responses directly associated with genital stimulation and copulation

Question 44

Behavioral estrus

Answer 44

The period during which female animals mate, corresponding to vaginal proestrus, which is coordinated to occur just before ovulation when a mature egg is released from the ovary, ready to be fertilized.

Question 45

Receptivity

Answer 45

Actions performed by a female that are necessary for copulation.

Question 46

Lordosis:

Answer 46

The position observed when a female animal crouches so that the vagina is brought into a horizontal position with the tail deflected to the side.

Question 47

Ovulation

Answer 47

ovulation, receptivity, and the desire to mate is achieved by the estrogen hormone estradiol. Ovulation is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. As illustrated in Figure 10.16a, the hypothalamus releases GnRH into the anterior pituitary. This causes the anterior pituitary to release the gonadotropic hormones LH and FSH. This in turn stimulates the ovaries to release the steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone. The release of GnRH and gonadotropic hormones is regulated by a negative feedback loop, which reduces the amounts of GnRH released from the hypothalamus and gonadotropic hormones released from the anterior pituitary.

Question 48

Lordosis pathway

Answer 48

The rising levels of estrogen and progesterone also activate the lordosis pathway (Figure 10.16b). The lordosis pathway comprises a set of neuroanatomical regions that when activated result in contraction of the appropriate set of muscles to result in lordosis. The brain areas that are part of the lordosis pathway include the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the preoptic area (POA), the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN), the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), and the medullary reticular formation (MRF). Receptors for progesterone are found on neurons in the POA and VMN. Estrogen receptors are found within the amygdala, BNST, POA, VMN, and PAG.

Question 49

the muscle contractions

Answer 49

The muscle contractions resulting in the lordotic reflex are mediated by the MRF, situated within the hindbrain. The MRF is also a major component of the lordotic reflex arc, which is triggered by sensory input from the flank and the rump. However, stimulation of the MFG alone is not sufficient to induce the lordotic reflex; input from the PAG is also necessary. The activation of other senses such as smell (including the detection of pheromones), vision, and hearing, as well as touch to parts of the body other than the flank and rump, also participate in inducing lordosi

Question 50

menstrual cycle

Answer 50

the regular changes that occur in the female reproductive system that make pregnancy possible.

Question 51

hormone exchange when mentrual cycle …

Answer 51

The follicular phase is marked by the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary in response to the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus. The release of FSH triggers the release of estrogens from the follicles. In addition, androgens, which are released due to the actions of LH, are converted to estrogens. As you can see in the figure, the peak of estrogen levels occurs at just about the time of ovulation. However, the sharp rise in estrogen levels triggers the hypothalamus to stop releasing GnRH, which inhibits the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary. Therefore, levels of estrogen decline sharply after ovulation. At that time, a hormone-secreting structure called the corpus luteum develops in the ovary. Luteinizing hormone stimulates the corpus luteum to release progesterone. These high levels of progesterone support pregnancy should fertilization occur. However, if fertilization does not occur, LH levels fall and the corpus luteum undergoes degeneration.

Question 52

what about sexual desire ?

Answer 52

it is the highest when estrogen levels are high

Attractivity : A female’s stimulus value in evoking a sexual response in a male.when estrogen is high

Question 53

what about males

Answer 53

he finding of most interest to the researchers was that testosterone levels in the skateboarders were significantly higher when they performed in front of the female experimenter than in front of the male experimenter. testosterone may facilitate the release of dopamine in the MPOA.