Hormonal Regualtion Of Stress Response

Question 1

Adrenal Gland

Answer 1

•sits on top of kidneys
•divided into adrenal cortex (outer layer) & adrenal medulla (inner layer)

Question 2

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Answer 2

•has similar effects to Sympathetic Nervous system, but also influences blood glucose
• travels to liver to increase conversion of glycogen into glucose (temporarily increasing metabolism)
Hypersecretion: increase BP, decrease blood glucose
Hyposecretion: decrease BP, decrease blood glucose, fatigue

Question 3

Adrenal Cortex (long term stress)

Answer 3

Produces:
Glucocorticoids- controls blood sugar eg. cortisol
Mineralocorticoids- regulates blood pressure via solute concentration Eg. Eldestrone
Gonadocorticoids- sex hormone

Question 4

Cortisol + ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Answer 4

•CRH is released from hypothalamus, travels to pituitary gland
•pituitary releases ACTH travels to Adrenal Cortex
•cortisol causes breakdown of proteins, amino acids, glucose by liver fat, glucose by fat cells
• ACTh increases level of cortisol negatively feeds back to hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 5

Aldosterone

Answer 5

•increases BP by controlling Na+ concentration
•released from adrenal cortex, travels to the kidney
• Increase Na+ reabsorption, water follows by osmosis
• increase blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 6

Adrenal Gland Dysfunction

Answer 6

Hypersecretion: decrease cortisol and aldestrone
- low blood pressure, dehydration, and salt cravings from lack of aldestrone
Fatigue (lack of cortisol

Hyposecretion: increase cortisol and aldestrone
-hypertension (excess aldestrone)
-obesity, diabetes mellitus(cortisol)

Question 7

Hormone regulation of blood sugar
(Pancreas)

Answer 7

Islets of longer horns- cluster of cells that produces hormones
-Beta cells: produces insulin, decreases blood sugar levels
-Alphabcells: produces glucagon, increase blood sugar levels

Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones (opposite effects)
- PTH and calcitonin are also antagonistic

Question 8

Regulating Blood Glucose

Answer 8

Insulin- (decrease blood sugar) causes cells to take glucose into themselves, removing glucose from blood stream

Decreases blood sugar:
Liver - insulin causes liver cells to take in glucose, store as glycogen
Body cells, insulin causes body cells to take in glucose for the use of cell respiration

Increase blood sugar:
Glugoan- causes liver cells to break glycogen into glucose, release into the blood stream
(During saying, decrease blood sugar, triggers release of glucagon)

Question 9

Hyperglycaemia

Answer 9

•Decrease insulin increase glucagon
•associated with diabetes militus
Type 1: body is unable to produce insulin, treated by insulin injection
Type 2: body doesn’t respond to insulin, treated w/ lifestyle change (diet, exercise, medication)
Symptoms: fatigue(glucose can’t live into cells b/c lack of insulin), large volumes of glucose-rich urine, thirst

Question 10

Hypoglycaemia

Answer 10

Increase insulin, decrease glucagon

Symptoms: shaking, anxiety, (hypoglycaemia triggers stress responses)