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Africa > Hoofed Mammals: Nonruminants > Flashcards

Hoofed Mammals: Nonruminants Flashcards

1
Q

What habitats can you find bush pig?

A

Widespread in:
woodland habitats,
lowland forest,
montane forest,
savanna biome.

Agricultural pest more common in farming areas

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2
Q

When are bush pigs most active?

A

Nocturnal

More active during the day where protected

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3
Q

What 3 things do bush pigs eat?

A

Omnivorous

Roots, bulbs, and fallen fruits are favorites

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4
Q

What animal foods do bushpigs eat?

A

Carrion
Excrement
Kills small mammals and birds

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5
Q

How many bush pigs live together?

A

Up to 15

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6
Q

What 6 Antipredator behaviors are seen in bush pigs?

A

Alarm grunts
Flight
Concealment
Distress squeals
Threat grunts
Threatened and actual attack including mobbing

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7
Q

What habitat can you find warthogs in?

A

Grass and savanna habitat

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8
Q

What habitats do warthogs avoid?

A

Forest and dense undergrowth

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9
Q

Are warthogs water dependent?

A

Yes

Drinks daily

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10
Q

What do warthogs eat seasonally?

A

Wet season = grazes

Dry season = underground rhizomes and sedges

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11
Q

When are warthogs most active?

A

Diurnal (highly)

Females return to den before dark, males often stay up 1-2 hours later.

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12
Q

What conditions delay warthogs from leaving the den?

A

Cold or rainy days

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13
Q

What 6 Antipredator behaviors are seen in warthogs?

A

Trotting with tail vertical
Alarm grunt
Distress squeal
Growl-grunt
Woomph call
Mock and real attack

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14
Q

How do warthogs respond to being chased?

A

They run for the nearest hole, reversing at the last second so they can defend the burrow with their tusks

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15
Q

Which predator sometimes digs warthogs from their holes?

A

Lions

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16
Q

What habitat can you find hippo in?

A

Water deep enough to submerge with firm bottom. With grassland nearby

Gently sloping is preferred

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17
Q

What habitat feature is avoided by hippos?

A

Rapids

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18
Q

How many hippos live together?

A

2-50 with 10-15 average

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19
Q

When are hippos most active?

A

Nocturnal

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20
Q

How far do hippos walk to food?

A

3-5 km round trip /average

10 km round trip max

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21
Q

How long can hippos stay under water? Average and Max?

A

5 minutes max

104 seconds average

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22
Q

Which predator is capable of killing a full grown hippo (if unlikely)

A

Lions

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23
Q

What do black rhinos eat?

A

Nearly a pure browser

Has a marked preference for leguminous herbs and shrubs

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24
Q

Are black rhino water dependent?

A

Yes

They can go 4-5 days without drinking by eating succulents

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25
Q

How far will black rhinos walk to water almost every day?

A

8-25 kms

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26
Q

How will black rhinos get water in drought?

A

They will dig for water in sandy riverbeds

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27
Q

How far away can you hear a black rhino chewing?

A

400 meters

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28
Q

How many black rhino live together?

A

Cows with calves tend to stay alone but sometimes allow unrelated immature rhinos-male or female- to attach themselves after being kicked out by mom.

Males tolerate males in their territory who remain submissive

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29
Q

Where are black rhinos most likely to associate briefly but amicably and how many?

A

At water holes and salt licks

Up to 13

30
Q

When are black rhinos most active?

A

Day and night

Most active early and late

Least active midday.

Active at night but also sleeps at night.

31
Q

What 4 Antipredator behaviors are seen in black rhinos?

A

Puffing snorts
Distress squeals
Mock and real charges with stabbing
Flight with tail raised

32
Q

When given advanced warning of a predator, how do black rhino usually respond?

A

Usually make off at a fast trot with tail raised and head high

33
Q

What unusual thing often gives black rhinos advanced warning of predators?

A

Chirring of an attendant oxpecker

34
Q

What habitat can you find white rhino in?

A

Savanna

Good habitat includes trees, ample water, and open grassland.

35
Q

What do white rhinos eat?

A

Pure grazer. Grazes most efficiently on short grasses.

36
Q

Are white rhinos water dependent?

A

Yes

Often drinks twice a day but can survive 2-4 days without drinking if water is distant.

37
Q

How many white rhinos live together?

A

A female and her most recent offspring

Rhinos too young to reproduce but kicked out by their mothers often find another sub adult to associate with or sometimes another mom and calf.

A calf-less cow will tolerate 1-2 companions. (Usually subadult i believe_

38
Q

How large can stable herds of white rhino be?

A

6

39
Q

How many male rhinos live together?

A

Solitary

Many bulls tolerate 2-3 satellite bulls in their territory as long as they remain submissive

40
Q

When is the calving peak in white rhinos?

A

Late in the rains

41
Q

What 2 predators are (only) elephant calves vulnerable to? (Rare)

A

Lions
Hyenas

42
Q

What Antipredator behaviors are seen in zebras?

A

Group defense (maternal)
Putting the vulnerable in the center

Stallion defends the herd from the rear

43
Q

What predator are zebra most vulnerable to?

A

Hyena and only those hunting in sizable groups

44
Q

What are the main differences between rock and bush hyrax? (Dassies)

4 differences

A

Size (Rock Hyraxes are bigger)
Feeding specialization
Reproductive organs
Territorial advertising calls

45
Q

What do rock hyrax eat?

A

Grazers

46
Q

How far do rock hyrax travel to pastures?

A

Up to 60 meters

47
Q

What kind of habitat are you likely to find hyrax in? (5 conditions)

A

Wherever there are rocky cliffs, boulder screes, or rock outcrops with sufficient cavity space for a colony

Must have some tree or bush cover

Rocky cavities face away from any strong prevailing winds

Offer good vantage points

Must not be more than a few km to another cliff unless there is temporary refuge along the way.

48
Q

How long do rock hyrax spend feeding

A

Less than 1 hour a day

49
Q

When do rock hyrax eat?

A

Twice a day—in the morning and again in the afternoon.

50
Q

What kind of trees / plants do bush hyrax particularly enjoy?

A

Acacias

51
Q

When are hyraxes most active?

A

Diurnal

52
Q

When do hyraxes do most of their eating? Specific time.

A

Sometime between 330 and 630 pm

In the evening specifically they eat more

53
Q

What conditions will cause hyrax to delay coming out of their shelter or to avoid coming out at all?

A

Rain will delay.

On cold rainy days they might not come out at all.

54
Q

What 4 Antipredator behaviors are seen in hyrax?

A

Alarm calls
Flight to refuge
Threat and possible mobbing of smaller predators
Playing dead

55
Q

What do rock hyraxes alarm calls sound like?

A

Shark, low pitched squeak or a loud squeak

56
Q

What do bush hyraxes alarm calls sound like?

A

Piping whistles

57
Q

When disturbed, where do first year elephant calves move?

A

Between their mothers legs

58
Q

When disturbed, where do older elephant calves/offspring move?

A

To their mothers sides

59
Q

How large is a typical elephant herd?

A

2-14 elephants

60
Q

When are elephants most active?

A

Day and night with feeding peaks in the morning, afternoon and around midnight

61
Q

What sexes secrete a watery substance from their temporal gland in elephants?

A

Both sexes

62
Q

What function is the temporal gland in elephants?

A

Musth

But also flows whenever they get excited or anxious

63
Q

What does the alert posture look like in elephants?

A

Flapping their ears and raising their heads high at the same time

64
Q

What does the standing tall posture look like in elephants?

A

Head raised high, elephant peering over its tusks, ears cocked and trunk hanging down

65
Q

In elephants, up and down and side to side head movements are a feature in what kind of displays?

A

Threat

66
Q

What is an example of a mild threat to an antagonist in elephants?

A

Turning directly towards it / the antagonist.

67
Q

When are mating and births most common in elephants?

A

During the rains

68
Q

Name 5 signs that let you discern when a male elephant is in musth

A

Copious and viscous secretions from their temporal gland

Swollen and partially erect penis

Penis dripping a green and strong smelling secretion

Frequent urination with steady trickle down their back legs

Likely to be alone or with a breeding herd or fighting / standoffs with other males

69
Q

What 3 Antipredator behaviors are seen in elephants

A

Group defense

Threat displays

Demonstration and real charges

70
Q

What do elephants do when they’re undecided on whether to attack, flee, or stand their ground?

A

They perform displacement behavior between threat displays

71
Q

In elephants, what is displacement / feeding behaviors

A

Breaking off branches or pulling up tufts of grass and slapping them against their foot with extra emphasis

72
Q

Often, the only warning an elephant gives before attacking is

A

A momentary rocking motion of its body

Africa (10 decks)

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