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Hoofed Mammals: Nonruminants Flashcards

1
Q

What habitats can you find bush pig?

A

Widespread in:
woodland habitats,
lowland forest,
montane forest,
savanna biome.

Agricultural pest more common in farming areas

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2
Q

When are bush pigs most active?

A

Nocturnal

More active during the day where protected

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3
Q

What 3 things do bush pigs eat?

A

Omnivorous

Roots, bulbs, and fallen fruits are favorites

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4
Q

What animal foods do bushpigs eat?

A

Carrion
Excrement
Kills small mammals and birds

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5
Q

How many bush pigs live together?

A

Up to 15

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6
Q

What 6 Antipredator behaviors are seen in bush pigs?

A

Alarm grunts
Flight
Concealment
Distress squeals
Threat grunts
Threatened and actual attack including mobbing

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7
Q

What habitat can you find warthogs in?

A

Grass and savanna habitat

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8
Q

What habitats do warthogs avoid?

A

Forest and dense undergrowth

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9
Q

Are warthogs water dependent?

A

Yes

Drinks daily

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10
Q

What do warthogs eat seasonally?

A

Wet season = grazes

Dry season = underground rhizomes and sedges

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11
Q

When are warthogs most active?

A

Diurnal (highly)

Females return to den before dark, males often stay up 1-2 hours later.

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12
Q

What conditions delay warthogs from leaving the den?

A

Cold or rainy days

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13
Q

What 6 Antipredator behaviors are seen in warthogs?

A

Trotting with tail vertical
Alarm grunt
Distress squeal
Growl-grunt
Woomph call
Mock and real attack

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14
Q

How do warthogs respond to being chased?

A

They run for the nearest hole, reversing at the last second so they can defend the burrow with their tusks

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15
Q

Which predator sometimes digs warthogs from their holes?

A

Lions

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16
Q

What habitat can you find hippo in?

A

Water deep enough to submerge with firm bottom. With grassland nearby

Gently sloping is preferred

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17
Q

What habitat feature is avoided by hippos?

A

Rapids

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18
Q

How many hippos live together?

A

2-50 with 10-15 average

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19
Q

When are hippos most active?

A

Nocturnal

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20
Q

How far do hippos walk to food?

A

3-5 km round trip /average

10 km round trip max

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21
Q

How long can hippos stay under water? Average and Max?

A

5 minutes max

104 seconds average

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22
Q

Which predator is capable of killing a full grown hippo (if unlikely)

A

Lions

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23
Q

What do black rhinos eat?

A

Nearly a pure browser

Has a marked preference for leguminous herbs and shrubs

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24
Q

Are black rhino water dependent?

A

Yes

They can go 4-5 days without drinking by eating succulents

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25
How far will black rhinos walk to water almost every day?
8-25 kms
26
How will black rhinos get water in drought?
They will dig for water in sandy riverbeds
27
How far away can you hear a black rhino chewing?
400 meters
28
How many black rhino live together?
Cows with calves tend to stay alone but sometimes allow unrelated immature rhinos-male or female- to attach themselves after being kicked out by mom. Males tolerate males in their territory who remain submissive
29
Where are black rhinos most likely to associate briefly but amicably and how many?
At water holes and salt licks Up to 13
30
When are black rhinos most active?
Day and night Most active early and late Least active midday. Active at night but also sleeps at night.
31
What 4 Antipredator behaviors are seen in black rhinos?
Puffing snorts Distress squeals Mock and real charges with stabbing Flight with tail raised
32
When given advanced warning of a predator, how do black rhino usually respond?
Usually make off at a fast trot with tail raised and head high
33
What unusual thing often gives black rhinos advanced warning of predators?
Chirring of an attendant oxpecker
34
What habitat can you find white rhino in?
Savanna Good habitat includes trees, ample water, and open grassland.
35
What do white rhinos eat?
Pure grazer. Grazes most efficiently on short grasses.
36
Are white rhinos water dependent?
Yes Often drinks twice a day but can survive 2-4 days without drinking if water is distant.
37
How many white rhinos live together?
A female and her most recent offspring Rhinos too young to reproduce but kicked out by their mothers often find another sub adult to associate with or sometimes another mom and calf. A calf-less cow will tolerate 1-2 companions. (Usually subadult i believe_
38
How large can stable herds of white rhino be?
6
39
How many male rhinos live together?
Solitary Many bulls tolerate 2-3 satellite bulls in their territory as long as they remain submissive
40
When is the calving peak in white rhinos?
Late in the rains
41
What 2 predators are (only) elephant calves vulnerable to? (Rare)
Lions Hyenas
42
What Antipredator behaviors are seen in zebras?
Group defense (maternal) Putting the vulnerable in the center Stallion defends the herd from the rear
43
What predator are zebra most vulnerable to?
Hyena and only those hunting in sizable groups
44
What are the main differences between rock and bush hyrax? (Dassies) 4 differences
Size (Rock Hyraxes are bigger) Feeding specialization Reproductive organs Territorial advertising calls
45
What do rock hyrax eat?
Grazers
46
How far do rock hyrax travel to pastures?
Up to 60 meters
47
What kind of habitat are you likely to find hyrax in? (5 conditions)
Wherever there are rocky cliffs, boulder screes, or rock outcrops with sufficient cavity space for a colony Must have some tree or bush cover Rocky cavities face away from any strong prevailing winds Offer good vantage points Must not be more than a few km to another cliff unless there is temporary refuge along the way.
48
How long do rock hyrax spend feeding
Less than 1 hour a day
49
When do rock hyrax eat?
Twice a day—in the morning and again in the afternoon.
50
What kind of trees / plants do bush hyrax particularly enjoy?
Acacias
51
When are hyraxes most active?
Diurnal
52
When do hyraxes do most of their eating? Specific time.
Sometime between 330 and 630 pm In the evening specifically they eat more
53
What conditions will cause hyrax to delay coming out of their shelter or to avoid coming out at all?
Rain will delay. On cold rainy days they might not come out at all.
54
What 4 Antipredator behaviors are seen in hyrax?
Alarm calls Flight to refuge Threat and possible mobbing of smaller predators Playing dead
55
What do rock hyraxes alarm calls sound like?
Shark, low pitched squeak or a loud squeak
56
What do bush hyraxes alarm calls sound like?
Piping whistles
57
When disturbed, where do first year elephant calves move?
Between their mothers legs
58
When disturbed, where do older elephant calves/offspring move?
To their mothers sides
59
How large is a typical elephant herd?
2-14 elephants
60
When are elephants most active?
Day and night with feeding peaks in the morning, afternoon and around midnight
61
What sexes secrete a watery substance from their temporal gland in elephants?
Both sexes
62
What function is the temporal gland in elephants?
Musth But also flows whenever they get excited or anxious
63
What does the alert posture look like in elephants?
Flapping their ears and raising their heads high at the same time
64
What does the standing tall posture look like in elephants?
Head raised high, elephant peering over its tusks, ears cocked and trunk hanging down
65
In elephants, up and down and side to side head movements are a feature in what kind of displays?
Threat
66
What is an example of a mild threat to an antagonist in elephants?
Turning directly towards it / the antagonist.
67
When are mating and births most common in elephants?
During the rains
68
Name 5 signs that let you discern when a male elephant is in musth
Copious and viscous secretions from their temporal gland Swollen and partially erect penis Penis dripping a green and strong smelling secretion Frequent urination with steady trickle down their back legs Likely to be alone or with a breeding herd or fighting / standoffs with other males
69
What 3 Antipredator behaviors are seen in elephants
Group defense Threat displays Demonstration and real charges
70
What do elephants do when they’re undecided on whether to attack, flee, or stand their ground?
They perform displacement behavior between threat displays
71
In elephants, what is displacement / feeding behaviors
Breaking off branches or pulling up tufts of grass and slapping them against their foot with extra emphasis
72
Often, the only warning an elephant gives before attacking is
A momentary rocking motion of its body

Africa (10 decks)

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