Hoofdstuk 7: ethics in research

Question 1

What are the three core princeples oethics in research ?

Answer 1

1. Beneficiance
2. Respect for human dignity
3. Justice

Question 2

Explain the dillemma:

Participants rights Study demands

Answer 2

E.g.: does a new medication prolong life in diseased patient ?

–> best way to test is intervention and control group BUT:

Intervention group may be exposed to hazardous effects and control group may be denied beneficial treatment !

Question 3

Explain the term beneficience (2)

Answer 3

= The right to freedom from harm and discomfort (minimize harm, maximize benefits)
types:
1.Physical harm
2.Emotional harm
3.Social harm (eg loss of social support)
4.Financial harm (eg loss of wage

AND
= The right to protection from exploitation
types:
overt and malacious (eg: sexual exploitation)
elusive (=misleading eg: patient agreed to 30min but researcher took 90min)

Question 4

Explain the term: Respect for human dignity (2)

Answer 4

= The right to self determination:
rights;
-voluntarily take part
-ask questions
-refuse information
-to withdraw

freedom from coercion(dwang):

• threats of penalty when not participating
• excessive rewards when participating

AND

=The right to full disclosure about:
-study
-right to refuse participation
-researchers responsabilities
-risks and benefits
!!! => can create bias and sampe problems

Question 5

What can you do in a situation when the right to full disclosure affects sampling ? (2)

Answer 5

1. Cover data collection (hidden)
2. Deception: witholding info or provide false information

! Ethically problamatic: informed consent

Question 6

Explain the term justice in research ethics (3)

Answer 6

1. Distributive justice = equal distribution of benefits and burden
2. The right to privacy: research not more intrussive than need be and privacy to be maintained
3. Right to fair treatment: respect in general (eg: when withdrawing, beliefs, habits, acces to staff, non-prejudicial,…)

Question 7

What are procedures for protecting study participants ? (7)

Answer 7

1. Risk/benefit assesment
2. Informed consent and participant authorization
3. Confidentiality procedures
4. Debriefings, communications and refferals
5. Treatment of vulnarable groups (-> implement additional procedures)
6. External reviews and protection of human rights (eg: commissies, boards,…)
7. Build ethics into the study design