HONR 101A Chapter 5-8 Flashcards
arguing a claim is true or false solely because of its origin.
Genetic fallacy
arguing that what is true of the parts must be true of the whole.
Composition fallacy
arguing that what is true of the whole must be true of the parts.
Division fallacy
using a word in two different senses in the same argument. Ex: A self-defense class teaches participants how to fight better, but fighting is wrong. So we shouldn’t have a self-defense class on campus.
equivocation
arguing a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it.
Appeal to popularity (bandwagoning)
rejecting a claim by criticizing the person who makes it rather than the claim itself.
Appeal to the person (ad hominem)
arguing a claim must be true just because it’s part of a tradition.
Appeal to tradition
using emotions (pity, fear, etc.) rather than relevant reasons as premises.
Appeal to emotion
arguing that a lack of evidence proves something. Places the burden of proof on the wrong side (NEG)
Appeal to ignorance
The weight of evidence or argument required by one side in a debate or disagreement.
Rests on the side that makes a positive claim. (AFF)
Burden of proof
deliberately raising an irrelevant issue during an argument. Attempting to redirect the argument to another issue to which the person doing the redirecting can better respond. Similar to the avoiding the issue fallacy, but a deliberate diversion with intention of abandoning the original argument.
red herring
arguing that doing something immoral is justified because someone else has done the same (or similar) thing.
Two wrongs make a right
Distorting, weakening, or oversimplifying someone’s position so it can be more easily attacked or refuted.
Straw man
attempting to establish a conclusion by using that conclusion as a premise. Ex: Sally never tells lies. We know it’s true because Sally told us so. We know this because Sally never tells lies.
Begging the question (arguing in a circle)
Asserting there are only two alternatives to consider when there are more than two.
False dilemma
arguing that because a distinction cannot be drawn at any point in a process, there are no differences or gradations in that process.
Decision-point fallacy
a defective argument by analogy in which the things being compared are not sufficiently similar in relevant ways.
faulty analogy
arguing, without good reasons, that taking a particular step will inevitably lead to further, undesirable steps.
slippery slope
drawing a conclusion about a target group based on an inadequate sample size.
hasty generalization
Telling us what the status quo is and how it needs to change.
Inherency
Law, policy, physical structure, etc. that is preventing plan from happening
Structural barrier
Policy not being changed due to people’s attitudes towards that policy
Attitudinal barrier
Lack of something- resources, manpower, etc.
Structural gap
Argues that it is easy to see the problem, but the exact cause is unclear
existential barrier
Where you can win or lose a policy case. Must argue that changing the policy WILL ACTUALLY WORK to stop the problems found in HARMS.
solvency
Personal solutions or local solvency, where one can come in to make change- volunteer, voting, education, working, spreading the word
Immediate solvency
Worldwide- What we can do on a worldwide scale to make change happen
International solvency
What the United States can door is doing Ex: Congress, President..
National solvency
Deliberately false or misleading news stories that masquerade as truthful reporting. It involves deliberate deception.
Fake news
Giving up the habit of automatically accepting claims in the media. Rejecting the assumption that most of what’s said online is true. Not taking the word of online sources on faith.
Reasonable skepticism
Relying on reliable evidence, trustworthy sources, and critical thinking. Refusing to believe a claim without those sources.
Legitimate reasons/reasoning
Read multiple sources that say different claims and determine from there.
read laterally
Accept claims supported independently by reliable authorities, evidence, or claims you know to be true. Accept claims supported by the source itself through citations to credible sources or references to support facts.
Read critically
To understand what this is, you have to know the meaning of accuracy, completeness, and objectivity.
Media bias
Faithfulness to the evidence
Accuracy
Ensuring that nothing important (facts, context, sources, etc.) is left out of a story.
Completeness
Ensuring that a story exhibits no explicit or implicit preference for one set of values over another.
Objectivity
A distorted and unfair perspective caused by the values of the writer or editor. Often indicated by the manipulation of connotation and the use of evaluative language.
Bias
Words that express value judgments.
Evaluative language
An account of events or situations that can be verified through objective evidence.
News
Expressions of views that cannot be verified entirely through objective evidence.
Opinion
Opinion writing consisting of examinations, interpretations, or explanations of news events.
Advocacy
The practice of calling the public’s attention to something to induce them to buy products, services, or otherwise change their opinions or behavior.
Advertising
Appears in search results because advertisers pay for them not because they are accurate or reliable.
Paid search ads
Appear on social media platforms targeting specific audiences defined by personal, demographic, and behavioral characteristics.
Social media ads
Appear as static images, floating banners, sidebar ads, popups, background wallpaper, and autoplay or user-play videos on websites.
Display ads
Imitate editorial or journalistic content; use stories, vignettes, and personal profiles rather than overt sales pitches.
Native advertisements
Features fallacies, rhetorical gimmicks, exaggerations, half-truths, and even outright lies. Digital technology, micro-targeting, and social media have magnified their impact. Began during the 1964 presidential election between Lyndon B. Johnson and Barry Goldwater.
Political advertising
Altering the frames of a video in order to deceive the viewer.
doctoring
Editing together disparate videos to distort or fundamentally alter the story being told.
splicing
Presenting unaltered video in a manner that misrepresents the footage and misleads the viewer.
Misrepresentation
