HONR 101A Chapter 5-8 Flashcards
arguing a claim is true or false solely because of its origin.
Genetic fallacy
arguing that what is true of the parts must be true of the whole.
Composition fallacy
arguing that what is true of the whole must be true of the parts.
Division fallacy
using a word in two different senses in the same argument. Ex: A self-defense class teaches participants how to fight better, but fighting is wrong. So we shouldn’t have a self-defense class on campus.
equivocation
arguing a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it.
Appeal to popularity (bandwagoning)
rejecting a claim by criticizing the person who makes it rather than the claim itself.
Appeal to the person (ad hominem)
arguing a claim must be true just because it’s part of a tradition.
Appeal to tradition
using emotions (pity, fear, etc.) rather than relevant reasons as premises.
Appeal to emotion
arguing that a lack of evidence proves something. Places the burden of proof on the wrong side (NEG)
Appeal to ignorance
The weight of evidence or argument required by one side in a debate or disagreement.
Rests on the side that makes a positive claim. (AFF)
Burden of proof
deliberately raising an irrelevant issue during an argument. Attempting to redirect the argument to another issue to which the person doing the redirecting can better respond. Similar to the avoiding the issue fallacy, but a deliberate diversion with intention of abandoning the original argument.
red herring
arguing that doing something immoral is justified because someone else has done the same (or similar) thing.
Two wrongs make a right
Distorting, weakening, or oversimplifying someone’s position so it can be more easily attacked or refuted.
Straw man
attempting to establish a conclusion by using that conclusion as a premise. Ex: Sally never tells lies. We know it’s true because Sally told us so. We know this because Sally never tells lies.
Begging the question (arguing in a circle)
Asserting there are only two alternatives to consider when there are more than two.
False dilemma
arguing that because a distinction cannot be drawn at any point in a process, there are no differences or gradations in that process.
Decision-point fallacy
a defective argument by analogy in which the things being compared are not sufficiently similar in relevant ways.
faulty analogy
arguing, without good reasons, that taking a particular step will inevitably lead to further, undesirable steps.
slippery slope
drawing a conclusion about a target group based on an inadequate sample size.
hasty generalization
Telling us what the status quo is and how it needs to change.
Inherency
