CAS 101 Chapter 3-5 Flashcards
The process by which a sperm and an ovum- the male and female gametes, respectively- join to form a single new cell
Fertilization/Conception
the sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception
Gametes
the new cell formed by the process of fertilization
Zygote
The basic unit of genetic information
Genes
the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs
chromosomes
Accounts for the replication of most types of cells, nearly all the cells of the body will contain the same 46 chromosomes as the zygote.
Mitosis
In this process, each gamete receives one of the two chromosomes that make up each of the 23 pairs.
Meiosis
Twins who are genetically identical
Monozygotic twins
Twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time
Dizygotic twins
A trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present
Dominant trait
A trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed. Can only be expressed if paired with a corresponding, mutual trait
Recessive trait
The underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism
Genotype
An observable trait; the trait that is actually seen
Phenotype
Inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait (bb, or BB)
Homozygous
inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait (Bb)
Heterozygous
Inherited disorder, child is unable to process an essential amino acid called phenylalanine (Phe). Phe is toxic to the brain. pp means PKU expression
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Inherited, a result of damaged genes, spontaneous mutation, or environmental factors
Genetic disorders
A disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair. It occurs in about 1 in 500 births, but the risk is much greater in mothers who are unusually young or old. this is the most frequent cause of mental retardation.
Down syndrome
Occurs when a particular gene is injured on the X chromosome. The result is mild to moderate mental retardation.
Fragile X syndrome
1/10 of Americans of African descent carry genes that produce this disorder, and 1 in 400 actually have the disease. it is a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cell in those who have it. Symptoms include poor appetite, stunted growth, swollen stomach, and yellowish eyes. People w/ the most severe form rarely live beyond childhood, but those with less severe cases have medical advances that have produced significant increases in life expectancy.
sickle-cell anemia
Occurring mainly in Jews of eastern European ancestry and in French Canadians, it usually causes death before its victims reach school age. There is no treatment for the disorder, which produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death.
Tay-Sachs disease
One male out of every 400 is born with this syndrome, the presence of an extra X chromosome. Resulting XXY complement produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts. There are other disorders that are produced by an improper number of sex chromosomes.
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Helps people deal with issues relating to inherited disorders. Possible genetic defects can be identified by assembling a karyotype
Genetic counseling
A chart containing enlarged photos of each of the chromosomes.
Karyotype
Process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother’s womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed
Ultrasound sonography
Combines a blood test and ultrasound sonography in the 11th-13th week of pregnancy.
First-trimester screen
a test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus
Amniocentesis
Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual
Temperament
Three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal
Prenatal period
Fertilization to 2 weeks. The first and shortest stage of the prenatal period in which the zygote begins to divide and grow in complexity during the first 2 weeks following conception. The fertilized egg travels toward the uterus, where it becomes implanted in the uterus’s wall.
Germinal stage
Serves as a conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen to the developing zygote.
Placenta
Period from two to eight weeks following fertilization. One of the highlights of this stage is the development of the major organs and basic anatomy.
Embryonic stage
Outer layer of the embryo that will form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, and the brain and spinal cord.
Ectoderm
Inner layer that produces the digestive system, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system.
Endoderm
The muscles, bones, blood, and circulatory system are forged.
Mesoderm
Starts at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth. It formally starts when the differentiation of the major organs has occurred.
Fetal stage
An insulating material that coats the fetus’s neurons and helps speed the transmission of messages from the brain to the rest of the body.
myelin
The inability to conceive after 12-18 months of trying to become pregnant. Some 15% of couples suffer from this, and it is highly correlated with age.
Infertility
a procedure in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s vagina by a physician.
artificial insemination
A procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory.
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
A spontaneous abortion that occurs when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the mother’s womb. The embryo detaches from the wall of the uterus and is expelled. Some 15-20% of all pregnancies end with this result.
miscarriage
A mother voluntarily chooses to terminate pregnancy. It is a complex set of physical, psychological, legal, and ethical issues that make the choice difficult for every woman.
Abortion
An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect.
Teratogen
a disorder that may include below-average intelligence and sometimes mental retardation, delayed growth, and facial deformities. Approximately 1/750 infants are born with this. It is now the primary preventable cause of mental retardation.
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
a condition in which children display some, although not all, of the problems of FAS due to their mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.
Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)
The term used for newborns.
Neonates
An incision that is sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina.
episiotomy
The uterine contractions initially occur around every 8 to 10 minutes and last about 30 seconds. Contractions occur more frequently as they increase to their greatest intensity in a period known as transition. labor takes 16 to 24 hours for firstborn children.
First stage of labor
Typically lasts around 90 minutes, the baby’s head emerges further from the mother with each contraction. Labor ends when the baby has completely left the mother’s body.
Second stage of labor
About 266 days after conception, this triggers the release of various hormones
CRH
Child’s umbilical cord and placenta are expelled from the mother. The quickest and easiest stage of labor, taking just a few minutes.
Third stage of labor
Uses breathing and relaxation techniques. Mothers learn strategies with their “coach” during training sessions. Goal of training is learning to cope with pain by focusing on breathing and relaxation.
Lamaze birthing techniques
“Husband-coached childbirth.” Based on principle that childbirth should be as natural as possible. Mothers are taught to tune-in to their bodies through relaxation techniques and good health practices. There are no medical interventions or medicine.
Bradley Method
Uses a form of self-hypnosis to produce a place of peace and calm to deal with the pain. Produce focused concentration to relax and focus inward. Research supports its effectiveness in reducing pain.
Hypnobirthing
Physicians who specialize in delivering babies. Have been the childbirth attendant of choice.
Obstetrician
Nurses that specialize in childbirth. used primarily in pregnancies in which no complications are expected.
midwife
A person trained to provide emotional, psychological, and educational support. Does not replace traditional obstetricians or do medical exams.
Doula
Numbs pain from the waist down. It is a huge one-time use needle.
epidural
Multiple shots that gradually reduces pain
Dual-spinal epidural
Born prior to 38 weeks after conception (also known as premature infants). Unusually sensitive to environmental stimuli, uncoordinated movements, slower development, mild problems such as lower than average IQ, difficulties with physical coordination, learning disabilities, behavioral disorders, etc.
Preterm infants (check notes for traits)
Weigh less than 2,500 grams (around 5 1/2 pounds) at birth
Low-birthweight infants (LBW)
Because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90% (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age
Small-for-gestational-age infants
Newborn that weighs 3,400 grams (7 1/2 pounds)
Average newborn
Weigh less than 1250 grams (around 2 1/4 pounds) or have been in the womb fewer than 30 weeks regardless of weight. In grave danger the moment they are born due to immaturity of organ systems. Age of viability is 22 weeks. Experiences major physical and cognitive problems.
very-low-birthweight infants
Technique used to support VLBW infants. They are held skin-to-skin against parents’ chests
Kangaroo care
Birth in which the baby is surgically removed from uterus, rather than traveling through birth canal. This makes up 32% of all deliveries. This occurs most frequently when fetus shows distress or fi it has a large head.
Cesarean delivery
Period of deep depression following the birth of a child. Affects 10% of all new mothers. Symptoms may include enduring, deep feelings of sadness and unhappiness that lasts months or even years. In most severe cases, a total break from reality may ensue. May be triggered by pronounced swings in hormone production that occur after birth.
Postpartum depression
Linked to caesarean deliveries and can detect the heartbeats of a neonate.
Fetal monitor
Death within the first year of life. Rates in US higher than many other countries. Higher rate of low-birthweight and preterm deliveries, higher poverty, and poorer medical care.
Infant mortality
The delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in fewer than 1 delivery in 100.
Stillbirth
A restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce brain damage and can result in language delays and/or intellectual disabilities. One cause may be that the umbilical cord gets pinched or wraps around the fetus’s neck.
anoxia
A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns. Appearance, Pulse, Grimace/reflex irritability, Activity/muscle tone, and Respiration.
APGAR scale
A thick, greasy substance that smooths the passage through the birth canal.
Vernix
Fine, dark fuzz that covers the newborn.
Lanugo
due to accumulation of liquids during birth
Puffy eyes
When an object is placed into the baby’s mouth, the infant will suck on it. Assists the infant with breastfeeding and ingesting food.
Sucking and swallowing reflex
When touched on the cheek, a baby will turn his or her head to the side where he or she felt the touch and seek to put the object into his or her mouth.
rooting reflex
Unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli.
Reflexes
A greenish-black material that is a remnant of the neonate’s days as a fetus.
Meconimum
Liver doesn’t work effectively at first, which gives newborns a yellowish tinge to their eyes. It is not dangerous but is most likely to occur in preterm and low-weight neonates. Treatment consists of putting baby under fluorescent lights or administering medicine.
Neonatal jaundice
The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus. Difficulties habituating may be due to intellectual disability.
Habituation
When infants become quiet, attentive, and their heart rate slows, as they take in novel stimuli.
Orienting response
- Clear that some forms of imitation begin very early in life. Variations in research result about when true imitation begins. Neonate characteristics mesh with adult behavior to help produce social relationships. Social interactive capabilities of infants and caregivers’ subsequent responses are precursors to future social interactions.
Social competence
Different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitation.
States of arousal
States that growth follows a direction and pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds to the rest of the body.
Cephalocaudal principle
States that development proceeds from the center of the body outward. The trunk of the body grows before the extremities of the arms and legs.
Proximodistal principle
Simple skills typically develop separately and independently. Later they are integrated into more complex skills.
Principle of Hierarchical Integration
Different body systems grow at different rates
Principle of the Independence of Systems
The process whereby certain functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other. Increasing differentiation and specialization in two hemispheres, which act in tandem.
Lateralization
The degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is modifiable.
Plasticity
Process eliminates weaker synaptic contacts while stronger connections are kept and strengthened.
Synaptic pruning
Plays an important role in honing fine motor skills and several other aspects of development. The production of art involves practice with tools such as paintbrushes, crayons, pencils, and markers. This can allow preschoolers to learn how to gain motor control skills that will help them learn to write.
Art development
The end product appears to be random scrawls across a paper that can be categorized into 20 distinct types, such as horizontal lines and zigzags.
Scribbling stage
By age 3, the art of infants are marked by the appearance of shapes such as squares and circles. Children draw shapes such as X’s and plus signs.
shape stage
Characterized by the ability to combine more than one simple shape into a more complex one.
Design stage
Between the ages of 4 and 5. Drawings begin to approximate recognizable objects.
Pictorial stage
The period during which the sexual organs mature. it begins earlier for girls (11-12 y/o) at around (13-14 y/o)
Puberty
The onset of menstruation and the most obvious signal of puberty.
Menarche
A pattern of change occurring over several generations. Occurs when a physical characteristic changes over the course of several generations, such as earlier onset of menstruation or increased height that has occurred because of better nutrition over the centuries.
secular trend
Associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction. Girls: Changes in the vagina and uterus. Boys: penis and scrotum grow, enlargement of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles, which produce semen.
Primary sex characteristics
Visible signs of sexual maturity that do not involve the sex of organs directly. Boys: pubic hair, underarm, and facial hair grows. Boys’ voices deepen as the vocal cords become longer and the larynx becomes larger. Girls: Development of breasts and pubic hair, as well as underarm hair appearing two years.
secondary sex characteristics
The physical stimulation of the sense organs
Sensation
The mental process of sorting out, interpretating, analyzing, and integrating stimuli from the sense organs and brain.
Perception
The ability to combine the images coming to each eye to see depth and motion, is achieved at around 14 weeks.
Binocular vision
Infants reliably prefer to look at stimuli that include patterns than to look at simpler stimuli. They are genetically preprogrammed to prefer particular kinds of stimuli.
Visual preference
Infants can hear from the time of birth and responds to sounds outside of the womb. Infants are more sensitive to certain very high and very low frequencies than adults but are less sensitive than adults to middle-range frequencies.
Auditory perception
Permits us to pinpoint the direction from which a sound is emanating. Infants have difficulty determining from which direction sound is coming because their heads are smaller than adults.
Sound location
Infants can listen with a keen ear to the melodies of lullabies their mothers and fathers sing to them. Infants can discriminate groups of different sounds based on their patterns and other acoustical characteristics.
Preferences & ability to discriminate
