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Semester 1 > HONR 101A Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

HONR 101A Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

The fundamental concern about the quality of your beliefs.

A

Critical thinking

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2
Q

An assertion that something is or is not the case.

A

Statement

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3
Q

A group of statements in which some of them are intended to support another of them. Gives reasons for believing that something is the case.

A

Argument

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4
Q

The statements/reasons given in support of another statement.

A

Premises

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5
Q

the statement(s) that the premises are intended to support.

A

Conclusion

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6
Q

A statement that tells us why or how something is the case

A

Explanation

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7
Q

The study of good reasoning, or inference, and the rules that govern it.

A

Logic

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8
Q

The logical link between premises and a conclusion that distinguishes arguments from all other kinds of discourse.

A

Inference

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9
Q

Terms that frequently accompany arguments and signal that a premise or conclusion is present.

A

Indicator words

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10
Q

Because, in view of the fact, given that, seeing that, as

A

common premise indicators

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11
Q

Due to the fact that, being that, since, assuming that, for the reason that

A

common premise indicators

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12
Q

inasmuch as, as indicated by, for, the reason being

A

common premise indicators

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13
Q

therefore, thus, which implies that, consequently

A

common conclusion indicators

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14
Q

it follows that, we can conclude that, so, hence

A

common conclusion indicators

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15
Q

it must be that, as a result, which means that, ergo

A

common conclusion indicators

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16
Q

Accepting a claim just because it advances your interests or helps you save face.

A

Self-centered thinking

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17
Q

Resisting evidence that contradicts cherished beliefs.

A

Resisting contrary evidence

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18
Q

Seeking out and using only confirming evidence.

A

Confirmation bias

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19
Q

Reasoning for the purpose of supporting a predetermined conclusion not to uncover truth.

A

Motivated reasoning

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20
Q

Relying on evidence because it’s memorable or striking not because it’s trustworthy.

A

Availability error

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21
Q

the way repeated exposure to words or images can induce a favorable feeling toward them even in the absence of reasons or evidence.

A

Mere exposure effect

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22
Q

Believing a false claim is true simply because it is familiar.

A

Illusion-of-truth effect

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23
Q

Overestimating the degree to which other people share our opinions, attitudes, and preferences.

A

False consensus effect

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24
Q

Fundamental ideas that help us make sense of a wide range of important issues in life.

A

World view

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24
Q

Being ignorant of how ignorant we are.

A

Dunning-Kruger effect

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25
Q

The view that truth depends solely on what someone believes

A

Subjective relativism

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26
Q

The view that truth is relative to societies.

A

Social relativism

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27
Q

Either persons or societies can never be mistaken. This is a problem for relativism

A

Infallibility

28
Q

Their truth implies their falsity.

A

Self-refuting

29
Q

The view that we know much less than we think or nothing at all.

A

Philosophical skepticism

30
Q

Provide logically conclusive support for its conclusion.

A

Deductive argument

31
Q

Deductive argument that succeeds in providing conclusive support for its conclusion.

A

Valid argument

32
Q

Deductive argument that fails to provide conclusive support for its conclusion.

A

Invalid argument

33
Q

A deductively valid argument with true premises.

A

Sound argument

34
Q

a valid argument that assumes that if the premises are true, then its conclusion must be true.

A

Truth-preserving argument

35
Q

Intended to provide probable- not conclusive- support for its conclusion.

A

Inductive argument

36
Q

An inductive argument that succeeds in providing very probable support for its conclusion.

A

Strong argument

37
Q

an inductive argument that fails to provide very probable support for its conclusion.

A

Weak argument

38
Q

an inductively strong argument with true premises

A

Cogent argument

39
Q

If premises are true, conclusion is very likely true.

A

Inductively strong arguments

40
Q

personal meetings with decision-makers

A

Lobbying

41
Q

Influencing through direct, private communications with decision-maker

A

Direct communication

42
Q

it necessarily follows that, it logically follows that, absolutely, necessarily, certainly

A

Indicator words for deductive arguments

43
Q

Likely, probably, chances are, odds are, it is plausible that

A

Indicator words for inductive arguments

44
Q

Argument patterns that contain at least one if-then premise.

A

Conditional

45
Q

The first statement/if part in a conditional premise

A

antecedent

46
Q

The second statement/then part in a conditional premise

A

consequent

47
Q

Affirming the antecedent. If the premises are true, the conclusion absolutely must be true.

A

Modus ponens

48
Q

Denying the consequent. If the premises are true, the conclusion absolutely must be true. If p, then q. Not q Therefore, not p.

A

Modus tollens

49
Q

A conditional, deductive argument made up of three statements- two premises and a conclusion. If p, then q. If q, then r. Therefore, if p, then r.

A

Hypothetical syllogism

50
Q

A common conditional argument form that isn’t valid. If p, then q. Not p. Therefore, not q.

A

Denying the antecedent.

51
Q

A common conditional argument form that isn’t valid. If p, then q. Q. Therefore, p.

A

Affirming the consequent

52
Q

either p or q. Not p. Therefore, q.

A

Disjunctive syllogism

53
Q

A method used to check for validity by simply devising a parallel argument that has the same form as the argument you’re evaluating but has obviously true premises and a false conclusion.

A

Counterexample method

54
Q

Offers support to a conclusion without the help of any other premises. If other premises are omitted or undermined in an argument, the support provided by the independent premise remains unchanged.

A

Independent premise

55
Q

Premises that depend on each other to jointly provide support to a conclusion. If either one is removed, the support that the remaining premise supplies is undermined or completely canceled out.

A

Dependent premises

56
Q

Huge collection of very well supported beliefs that we all rely on to inform our actions and choices.

A

Background information

57
Q

Someone who is more knowledgeable in a particular subject area or field than most others are.

A

Expert

58
Q

A fallacy committed when we rely on someone deemed to be an expert who isn’t an expert for opinions.

A

Appeal to authority

59
Q

Argue what was, is, or will be

A

Factual claims

60
Q

Evaluate or judge something

A

Value claims

61
Q

To argue that something should be done

A

Policy claims

62
Q

A tool for analyzing arguments. Includes claims, grounds, warrants, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal.

A

The Toulmin Model

63
Q

Serves as an argument’s foundation and justifies the main viewpoint. Answers the question “what information supports the claim?”

A

Grounds

64
Q

Serves as the connective tissue between the claim and grounds. Must draw on what an audience already knows.

A

Warrant

65
Q

Allows for special cases and helps establish credibility. Indicate the force or strength of the claim (or its limitations). Ex: Phrases such as… “in certain cases,” “in all probability”

A

Qualifier

66
Q

Acknowledges the other side of the argument and persuades readers to ignore bias.

A

Rebuttal

67
Q

Broadly defined, arises from our senses, memory, and judgment involved in those faculties. It is our evidence that something is or is not the case.

A

Personal experience

68
Q

a kind of illusion in which the presence of a vague or ambiguous stimuli makes us perceive things that are not really there. Ex: Seeing ghosts or hearing Satanic messages when rock music is played backward.

A

Pareidolin

Semester 1 (11 decks)

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