- happens in prophase - increases in genetic diversity - exchange of genetic material

- T - always shows in phenotype

Honors Biology Final Spring 2017 Flashcards by Lauren Alvarez

diploid

cell that contains 2 homologous chromosomes

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haploid

cell having one set of chromosomes

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how many diploids does a human contain

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how many haploids does a human contain

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phases of meiosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis

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crossing over

happens in prophase
increases in genetic diversity
exchange of genetic material

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gametes

sex cells

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heredity

genetics passed on from parent to child

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dominant allele

- always shows in phenotype

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recessive allele

-t

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homozygous

same allele either dominant or recessive (TT) (tt)

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heterozygous

different allele (Tt)

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genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

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phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

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probability

likelihood of a specific event

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pedigree

a trait passed through generations

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co-dominance

phenotype produced by both alleles are expressed

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incomplete dominance

one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

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sex linked inheritance

gene located on a sex chromosome

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law of segregation

separation of alleles

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artificial selection

selective breeding to promote a certain trait

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evolution

process of species changing over time

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adaptation

traits that improves an organisms ability to survive

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natural selection

when nature selects or neglects a trait to be passed on

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speciation

biological populations evolve to become extinct (separate)

convergent evolution

distantly related but similar

homologous structure

similar characteristics inherited by a common ancestor

analogous structures

body parts that share common functions but not structure

fossils

traces of an ancient organism

bacteria shapes

rod-bacilli spherical-cocci spiral-spirilla

pathogen

disease causing

decomposer

breaks down dead material

nitrogen fixers

converting nitrogen has into usable form for plants

bacteriophage

virus that infects bacteria

gram staining

used to find which antibiotic to use

virus structure

- core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) | - capsid: protein coat

lyric virus

contacts host cell by chance and attaches to surface

lysogenic virus

- lands on virus | - doesn't activate until triggered

lytic vs. lysogenic

lytic: attacks right away lysogenic: attacks when time is right

paramecium

- type of ciliate | - asexual reproduction

pseudopod

- projects out of cytoplasm - obtains food - used to move

cilia

- leg like feature | - used to move

flagella

- tail like structure | - used to move

conjugation

paramecium and prokaryotes exchange genetic info

cause of malaria

mosquitos

diatoms

type of algae

function of fungi

- used for food, medicine, fuel, pest control | - ex. mushrooms, antibiotics, pesticides

how do fungi obtain energy

release enzymes that break down matter into absorbable nutrients

hyphae

makes up the fungal body

mycelium

root of fungi(grows from ground)

basidiomycota(club fungi)

- mushrooms - rusts - smuts - produce spores

zygomycota

- sexual and asexual - makes black bread mold - lives in soil - eats decayed material

dermatophyte

- fungal disease | - causes athletes foot, toe fungus, ringworm

circulatory system function

pumps blood throughout the body

respiratory system function

circulates oxygen throughout the body through the lungs

digestive system function

- obtains food to receive nutrients | - liver filters out toxins

integumentary system function

- protection | - regulates body temperature

ecology

study of interactions between organisms and their environment

biotic vs abiotic

- biotic involves living factors | - abiotic involves non living factors

ecosystem

includes a community of organisms

community

group of various species that live in the same place and interact

niche

role that an organism plays in an environment

symbiosis

interactions between organisms

mutualism

relationship in which both species benefit

commensalism

relationship in which one benefits and the other is unharmed

parasitism

an organism harms another

food chain

organisms transfer energy by being eaten

food web

interactions of organisms regarding prey and predators

trophic levels

each step in a food chain or web

water cycle

evaporation, precipitation, transpiration, condensation