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ABNM CE > HomeStretch CRACK Physics NUCS > Flashcards

HomeStretch CRACK Physics NUCS Flashcards

1
Q

Isobaric transition means?

Which type of decay?

A

No change in mass (like a barbell)

beta minus decay and electron capture (mass doesn’t change)

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2
Q

beta minus decay

A

Situation 1: “Lots of Neutrons, Not enough Protons”

neutron excess (proton deficient)

changes neutron to proton and emits a beta particle - isobaric transition

e- emission can damage DNA - basis of radionucleotide therapy

The only graph thing that goes from right to left

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3
Q

alpha decay

A

heavy unstable atoms

lots of tissue damage

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4
Q

Beta Positive decay

A

Situation 2a: “Lots of Protons, Not Enough Neutrons - The Rich Guy”

Proton excess (neutron deficient) [rival of e- capture]

has at least 1.02MeV

positron emission, leading to two 511 keV photons which fly 180 degrees apart

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5
Q

e- capture

A

Situation 2b: “Lots of Protons, Not Enough Neutrons”

proton excess (neutron deficient) [rival of beta + decay]

Does not require 1.02 MeV

Leads to gamma emission and characteristic radiation

GIT! Gallium, indium and thalliam decay this way. . .

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6
Q

Cyclotron produce radioisotopes

A

Moly-99

F-18

Ga-67

Tl-201

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7
Q

Reactor produced radioisotopes

A

Moly-98 (which can then be placed in a cyclotron to make moly-99)

I-131

Xenon-133

Tl-201

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8
Q

Generator produced radionuclides

A

Tech-99m (from cyclotron produced Moly-99, which was made from reactor produced moly-98)

Krypton-81m (from cyclotron rubidium-81)

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9
Q

The NRC allows what moly99 to tech99m ratio in the ______ purity test

A

0.15 micro Ci of Mo to 1 milli Ci of Tech-99m in the radionuclide chemical test at the time of administration

(you can remember the units if you think you don’t want to have to much Mo!)

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10
Q

Chemical purity test

Performed with what?

Limit/number?

What do you see in a liver/spleen scan if this is not correct?

How about in other scans?

A

the chemical = aluminum!

performed with a pH paper

the allowed amount is < 10 microgram of Al / 1 mL

Liver/spleen scan + LUNG = Al contamination

Tc scan + LIVER activtiy = Al contamination

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11
Q

Radiochemical purity test

Limits

A

radiochemical = free tech99m!

thin-layer chromatography is used to test for this

95% Na99mTcO4

92% for 99mTc Sulfor colloid MAA

91% for all other Tc radiopharmaceuticals

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12
Q

What radioisotopes use collimator:

Low energy

Medium Energy

High energy

A

Low (1-200keV) = Tech99m, I123, Xe133, TI 201

Medium (200-400keV) = Ga67, In111

High (>400) = I131

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13
Q

Field uniformity recommended counts for both extrinsic and intrinsic range?

A

5-10 million

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14
Q

QA intervals for Gamma Cameras:

Field uniformity (external and internal) (and limit)

Energy window

Image linearity and spatial resolution

Center of rotation

A
  • Field uniformity (external and internal)
    • external (with collimator) = daily
    • internal (without collimator) = weekly
      • 2-5% non-uniformity is allowed (1% if SPECT!)
  • Energy window = DAILY
  • Image linearity and spatial resolution = WEEKLY
  • Center of rotation = MONTHLY
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15
Q

Maximum dose a GM counter can handle before goes into dead time?

A

100 mR/h

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16
Q

Ion chambers can be used to detect exposure rates from ___ to ___

A

0.1 to 100 R/h

17
Q

Well Counter - What kind of instrument is it?

A

Sodium Iodine (basically a small gamma camera, with just 1 PMT (good for low dose, can’t tell what types of radiation, good for Wipe test)

(doSe callibrator is a gaS ionization chamber)

18
Q

Dose calibrator QA

Dose should be with __% of computed activity?

Consistency

Linearity

Accuracy

Geometry

A
  • 5%
  • Consistency = DAILY
  • Linearity = Quarterly
  • Accuracy = at instillation and annually
  • Geometry = at installation and when you move the device
19
Q

NRC Trivia

10 CFR Part 19

10 CFR Part 20

10 CFR Part 35

A
  • 10 CFR Part 19 = notices, instructions, and reports to workers
  • 10 CFR Part 20 = standards for protection against radiation
  • 10 CFR Part 35 = medical use of by-product material
20
Q

MAJOR Spills

A
  • Tc-99m & Tl-201 (the lower energy ones) = 100 mCi
  • Ga-67, In-111 & I-123 (medium energy ones) = 10 mCi
  • I-131 (high energy) = 1 mCi
21
Q

Regulations affecting the general public

Annual dose limit

No greater than what limit in an “unrestricted area”

“restricted area” = ?

A
  • Annual dose limit = 100 mrem (1mSv)
  • No greater than what limit in an “unrestricted area” = 2 mrem/hour
  • “restricted area” = any place that receives a dose greater than 2mrem/h
22
Q

Signs must be placed with the following slogans with what radiation levels:

Radiation area

High radiation area

Very high radiation area

A
  • Radiation area = 0.005 rem (0.05mSv) in 1 hour at 30cm
  • High radiation area = 0.1 rem (1mSv) in 1 hour at 30cm
  • Very high radiation area = 500 rads (5gray) in 1 hour at 1 meter
23
Q

1mSv = __ rem = ___ rad = ___ Gy

A

1mSv = 0.1 rem = 0.1 rad = 0.001 Gy

24
Q

NRC occupational exposure dose limits

Total body dose per year

Dose to ocular lens per year

Total equivalent organ dose (including skin) per year

Total equivalent extremity dose per year

Total dose to embryo/fetus over entire 9 months

If fetus already got that dose, how much more for the remainder of the pregnancy?

A
  • Total body dose per year = 5 rem (50 mSv)
  • Dose to ocular lens per year = 15 rem (150 mSv)
  • Total equivalent organ dose (including skin) per year = 50 rem (500 mSv)
  • Total equivalent extremity dose per year = 50 rem (500 mSv)
  • Total dose to embryo/fetus over entire 9 months = 0.5 rem (5 mSv)
  • If fetus already got that dose, how much more for the remainder of the pregnancy? = 0.05 rem (0.5 mSv)
25
Q

Limit of dose for medical event?

Reportable medical event doses

Whole body dose

Single organ dose

How long to hold the records?

A

Wrong drug, route, patient or dose (more than 20%)

Whole-body dose of > 5 rem (50 mSv)

single organ dose of > 50 rem (500 mSv)

anything less than this is a recordable event (need to hold for 5 years)

26
Q

Package labels and their allowable limits and transport index:

White 1

Yellow 1

Yellow 3

A
  • White 1 = @ 1 meter = 0 mRem/hr; surface dose < 0.5mRem/hr; TI = none
  • Yellow 2 = @ 1 meter = 1 mRem/hr; surface dose < 50mRem/hr; TI < 1.0mRem/hr
  • Yellow 3 = @ 1 meter = 10 mRem/hr; surface dose < 200 mRem/hr; TI >1mRem/hr
27
Q

Common carrier transportation index should not exceed what limit? what about surface rate? How about limit of dose for multiple packages?

A

TI = 10 mRem/hr

Surface = 200 mRem

multiple packages = 50 mRem

28
Q

Noise Equivalent Counts

A

This means signal to noise ratio in the context of PET

29
Q

Ordered Subset Expectation Maximum

A

Fancy way of saying iterative reconstruction

30
Q

Do 3D PET systems use septa?

A

NO!

31
Q

Is PET dependent on depth?

A

NO! (it is tissue dependent)

32
Q

SUV Value in fat people is more or less?

A

MORE!

33
Q

High blood glucose does what to SUVs?

A

Lowers SUV

34
Q

Dose extravasation does what to SUVs?

A

Lowers SUV (less F18 getting there)

35
Q

PET QA intervals

blank and uniformity scan

normalization scan

A

daily

monthly

ABNM CE (12 decks)

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