Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHYSIOLOGY > Homeostasis: Volume And Composition Of Body Fluid Comparments > Flashcards

Homeostasis: Volume And Composition Of Body Fluid Comparments Flashcards

1
Q

The 💡maintenance of constant volume and composition of the body fluid compartments (and their temperature in warm-blooded animals and humans) is termed?

A

HOMEOSTASIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

-

A

STEADY-STATE-BALANCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Key concepts for steady state balance:

💡💡
SP
ES
EO
SS
A
  1. SET POINT
  2. EFFECTOR SIGNALS
  3. EFFECTOR ORGANS
  4. SENSITIVITY OF THE SYSTEM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Key concept in the steady state balance of the human body 💡monitors deviation from baseline.

(e.g., the level of the lake in the preceding example, or setting the temperature in a room by adjusting the thermostat)

A

SET POINT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Key concept in the steady state balance of the human body that can 💡lead to changes in either input or output, or both, to 💡maintain the desired set point.

(e.g., electrical signals to adjust the spillway in the dam analogy, or electrical signals sent to either the furnace or air conditioner to maintain the proper room temperature).

A

EFFECTOR SIGNALS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Key concept in the steady state balance of the human body that 💡respond in an appropriate way to the effector signals generated by the set point monitor

(i.e., the spillway gates must operate, and the furnace or air conditioner must turn on).

A

EFFECTOR ORGANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Key concept in the steady state balance of the human body that is 💡dependent on several factors, including the nature of the sensor the time necessary for generation of the effector signals, and how rapidly the effector organs respond to the effector signals.

A

SENSITIVITY OF THE SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When input is greater than output, a state of __ exists.

A

Positive Balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When input is less than output, a state of __ exists.

A

Negative Balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A prolonged states of positive or negative balance are generally __ with life.

A

Incompatible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 Major Compartments where total body water is distributed:

A

Intracellular Fluid (ICF) Compartment

Extracellular Fluid (ECF) Compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

It is an 💡additional fluid may accumulate seen in some pathological conditions.

Example: accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ascites) of individuals with liver disease.

A

THIRD SPACE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 Division of ECF

A
  1. Interstitial Fluid

2. Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

It surrounds the cells in the various tissues of the body and makes up three fourths of the ECF volume

A

Interstitial Fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

It is contained within the vascular compartment and represents the remaining fourth of the ECF

A

PLASMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The driving force for this water movement is an __.

A

Osmotic Pressure Difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The fact that cell volume remains (1)__ when ECF osmolality is (2)__ means that the osmotic pressure inside the cells is (3)__ to that of the ECF.

A

(1) Constant
(2) Constant
(3) Equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Movement of water between the vascular (plasma) compartment and the interstitial fluid compartment occurs across the __.

A

CAPILLARY WALL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The driving forces for fluid (water) movement across the capillary wall are:

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

Oncotic Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Collective term for hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure

A

Starling forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

__ within the capillary is a force that causes fluid to move out of the capillary.

A

Hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in the surrounding interstitial tissue __ the effect of the capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

Opposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The (1)__ of the plasma in the capillary tends to draw fluid from the interstitium into the capillary. The oncotic pressure of the (2)__ opposes this.

A

(1) Oncotic Pressure

(2) Interstitial Fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Any change in the __ of one compartment quickly causes water to redistribute across all compartments, which brings them back into osmotic equilibrium

A

Osmolality

25
Q

It is the major determinant of the osmolality of ECF compartment.

A

Na+ (and its attendant anions, primarily Cl− and HCO3−)

26
Q

It 💡converts the energy in ATP into 💡ion and 💡electrical gradients, which can in turn be used to 💡drive the transport of other ions and molecules by means of ion channels and solute carriers (e.g., symporters and antiporters).

A

Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase)

27
Q

__ 💡hyperpolarizes  the  Vm  of cardiac  myocytes  and,  in  so  doing,  makes  💡initiating  an  action potential  more  difficult,  because  a  larger  depolarizing  current is  needed  to  reach  threshold.

It can  lead  to  cardiac  arrhythmias,  and  eventually the  heart  can  stop  contracting  (asystole). 

A

A  decrease in  extracellular  [K+]  (hypokalemia) 

28
Q

__, the  Vm  is  💡depolarized, and  it  is  💡easier  to  initiate  an  action  potential.  However,  once the  action  potential  fires  the  channels  become  inactivated, and  are  unable  to  initiate  another  action  potential,  until  they are  reactivated  by  normal  repolarization  of  the  Vm.

Can  lead  to  cardiac  arrhythmias  and  loss  of cardiac  muscle  contraction.

A

Increase  in  the extracellular  [K+]  (hyperkalemia) 

29
Q

It occurs when a 💡membrane separating two solutions can be permeated by some but not all of the molecules in solution.

It accounts for the 💡small differences in the ionic compositions of the plasma and the interstitial fluid.

The necessity for energy expenditure to maintain cell volume in an isotonic solution is the result of the effect of intracellular proteins on the distribution of ions across the plasma membrane

A

Gibbs-Donnan effect

30
Q

For cells, the Gibbs-Donnan effect would (1)__ in the cell, and result in cell swelling. However, the activity of the(2)__ counteracts the Gibbs-Donnan effect by actively extruding cations. In addition, the(3)__ established by the Na+,K+-ATPase allows for the development of the Vm (in which the cell’s interior is electrically negative), that in turn drives Cl− and other anions out of the cell.

A

(1) increase the number of osmotically active particles
(2) Na+,K+-
(3) K+ gradient

31
Q

With 💡cell swelling, a __ response transports osmotically active particles (osmolytes) out of the cell, reducing the intracellular osmotic pressure and thereby restoring cell volume to normal.

A

regulatory volume decrease

32
Q

With 💡cell shrinking a __ response transports osmolytes into the cell, raising the intracellular osmotic pressure and thereby restoring cell volume to normal.

A

regulatory volume increase

33
Q

The regulatory volume increase response results in the__ and a number of organic osmolytes.

A

rapid uptake of NaCl

34
Q

The regulatory volume decrease response results in the__ from the cell.

A

loss of KCl and organic osmolytes

35
Q

When  cells  are exposed  to  a  💡hypotonic  medium,  they  💡swell  and  then  undergo  a __.

A

volume-regulatory  decrease  (RVD)

36
Q

When  cells  are  exposed  to  a  💡hypertonic  medium,  they  💡shrink  and then  undergo  a __.

A

volume-regulatory  increase  (RVI)

37
Q

During  the  RVI, what will happen when NaCl  and  organic  osmolytes  enter  the cell.

A

There will be  increase  in  the  activity  of  Na+,K+-ATPase  (not  depicted)  enhances  the  exchange  Na+  for  K+  so that  the  K+  (and  Cl−)  content  of  the  cell  is  increased.

38
Q

During  the  RVD, what will happen when KCl  and  organic  osmolytes  from  the  cell is loss? 

A

There will be a  decrease  in  cellular  KCl  and  organic osmolytes  causes  intracellular  osmotic  pressure  to  decrease,  water  leaves  the  cell,  and  the  cell  returns to  nearly  its  original  volume.

39
Q

During RVI, what will happen to the cell when there’s an increase in cellular KCl and intracellular organic osmolytes?

A

There will be an increase in  intracellular  osmotic  pressure,  which  brings  water  back  into the  cell,  and  the  cell  volume  returns  to  nearly  its  original  volume. 

40
Q

The free surface of the epithelial layer is referred to as the?

A

Apical membrane

41
Q

It provide 💡low-resistance connections between cells.

A

Gap junctions

42
Q

The 💡functional unit of the gap junction is the?

A

CONNEXON

43
Q

The connexon is composed of 💡six integral membrane protein subunits called?

A

Connexins

44
Q

2 main functions of the tight junction?

💡💡
➗
P

A
  1. It divides the cell into two membrane domains (apical and basolateral).
  2. It serve as a pathway for the movement of water, ions, and small molecules across the epithelium
45
Q

It is called the pathway 💡between cells?

It is an important route for 💡transepithelial transport of solute and water

A

Paracellular Pathway

46
Q

It is called the pathway 💡through the cells?

A

Transcellular Pathway

47
Q

It is a 💡junctional protein important in determining the 💡permeability characteristics of the 💡tight junction, especially with regard to cations and anions.

A

CLAUDIN

48
Q

Mutations in the gene that codes for 💡claudin 16 result in the autosomal recessive condition know as?

A

Familial Hypomagnesemia, Hypercalcuria, and Nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC)

49
Q

It is a 💡junctional protein that is found in the 💡tight junction of the 💡thick ascending portion of Henle’s loop in the kidneys and serves as a route for the paracellular reabsorption of 💡Ca++ and Mg++ from the tubular fluid.

A

Claudin 16

50
Q

It is the molecular motor that drives the 💡movement of the cilium.

A

Dynein

51
Q

Nonmotile cilia serve as (1)__ and are involved in determining (2)__ during embryological development, as well as (3)__ in the nephron of the kidneys

💡💡
M
⬅️➡️
S

A

(1) mechanoreceptors
(2) left-right asymmetry of organs
(3) sensing the flow rate of fluid

52
Q

The Na+ channel is present only in the (1)__, whereas the Na+,K+-ATPase and the K+ channels are confined to the (2)__.

A

(1) apical membrane

(2) basolateral membrane

53
Q

Transport from the 💡apical side to the 💡basolateral side of an epithelium is termed either?

A

Absorption or Reabsorption

54
Q

Transport from the 💡basolateral side of the epithelium to the 💡apical side is termed as?

A

Secretion

55
Q

A type of transport where solutes and water can be transported 💡across an epithelium by 💡traversing both the apical and basolateral membranes

💡Active transport in nature.

A

Transcellular Transport

56
Q

A type of transport where solutes and water can be transported 💡between the cells across the tight junction

💡Passive in nature.

A

Paracellular Transport

57
Q

The two driving forces for paracellular transport:

💡💡
CG
V

A
  1. Transepithelial Concentration gradient

2. Transepithelial Voltage

58
Q

It is important to recognize that __ set up the transepithelial chemical and voltage gradients, which in turn can drive paracellular transport.

A

transcellular transport processes

59
Q

A process where the movement of water across the epithelium via the paracellular pathway can 💡drive the movement of additional solute.

A

SOLVENT DRAG

PHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions