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PHYSIOLOGY > Cell, Membrane Function and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Cell, Membrane Function and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

It is the 💡basic structural and 💡functional units, the 💡smallest living parts of the body

A

CELLS

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells are distinguished from prokaryotic cells by the __

A

Presence of a membrane-delimited nucleus

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3
Q

2 Compartments of the cell:

A

NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM

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4
Q

It is an aqueous solution containing numerous organic molecules, ions, cytoskeletal elements, and a number of organelles.

A

CYTOPLASM

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5
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane:

A

Selective transport of molecules

Cell recognition

Cell communication

Tissue organization

Membrane-dependent enzymatic activity

Determination of cell shape

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6
Q

Cell  shape  and  movement,  intracellular  transport

A

Cytoskeleton

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7
Q

Genome  (22  autosomes  and  2  sex  chromosomes),  DNA  and  RNA  synthesis

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

ATP  synthesis  by  oxidative  phosphorylation,  Ca2+  storage

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

Synthesis  of  lipids,  Ca2+  storage

A

Smooth  endoplasmic  reticulum

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10
Q

Translation  of  mRNA  into  cytosolic  proteins

A

Free  ribosomes

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11
Q

Translation  of  mRNA  into  membrane  associated  proteins  or  for  secretion  out  of  the  cell

A

Rough  endoplasmic  reticulum

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12
Q

Intracellular  degradation

A

Lysosome

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13
Q

Cellular  uptake  of  💡cholesterol,  removal  of  receptors  from  the  plasma  membrane,  uptake  of  small molecules  and  water  into  the  cell,  internalization  of  large  particles  (e.g.,  bacteria,  cell  debris)

A

Endosome

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14
Q

💡Modification,  sorting,  and  packaging  of  proteins  and  lipids  for  delivery  to  other  organelles  within the  cell  or  for  secretion  out  of  the  cell

A

Golgi  apparatus

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15
Q

Degradation  of  intracellular  💡proteins

A

Proteosome

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16
Q

💡Detoxification  of  substances

A

Peroxisome

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17
Q

The major lipids of the plasma membrane:

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES

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18
Q

These are 💡amphipathic molecules that contain a charged (or polar) hydrophilic head and two (nonpolar) hydrophobic fatty acyl chains

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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19
Q

It has the amino alcohol 💡sphingosine as its “backbone” instead of glycerol

A

Sphingomyelin

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20
Q

Common alcohols attached to the membrane phospholipids:

💡💡
C
E
S
I
G
A 
Choline 
Ethanolamine  
Serine
Inositol
Glycerol
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21
Q

Primary Location in Membrane of the given Phospholipids:

*Phosphatidylcholine
*Sphingomyelin
Phospatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylinositol

A 
IN RESPECTIVE ORDER
*Outer  leaflet 
*Outer  leaflet
Inner  leaflet 
Inner  leaflet 
Inner  leaflet
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22
Q

It is a phospholipid that plays an important role in 💡signal transduction, and its location in the inner leaflet of the membrane facilitates this signaling role

A

Phosphatidylinositol

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23
Q

It is found in 💡both leaflets and serves to 💡stabilize the membrane at normal body temperature (37°C)

A

CHOLESTEROL

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24
Q

It consist of 💡two fatty acyl chains linked to polar head groups that consist of 💡carbohydrates

A

Glycolipids

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25
Q

It plays an important role in 💡anchoring proteins to the outer leaflet of the membrane

A

Glycosylphosphatylinositol (GPI)

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26
Q

As temperature increases, the __ of the membrane increases.

A

fluidity

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27
Q

The presence of __ in the phospholipids and glycolipids also increases membrane fluidity.

A

Unsaturated fatty acyl chains

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28
Q

One important function of these is to 💡segregate signaling molecules.

💡Aggregated lipids found in some regions of the membrane and often have an association with specific proteins, which diffuse in the plane of the membrane as a discrete unit

A

LIPID RAFTS

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29
Q

Classification of membrane proteins:

💡💡
I
L
P

A

Integral
Lipid-anchored
Peripheral

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30
Q

These are 💡imbedded in the lipid bilayer, where hydrophobic amino acid residues are associated with the hydrophobic fatty acyl chains of the membrane lipids.

A

Integral membrane proteins (Transmembrane Proteins)

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31
Q

-

A

Peripheral proteins

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32
Q

The normal function of cells requires the continuous movement of (1)__ and (2)__ into and out of the cell.

A

(1) WATER

(2) SOLUTES

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33
Q

4 General Groups of Membrane Transporters

💡💡
W
I
S
A
A 
Water  channels
Ion  channels
Solute carriers
Adenosine  triphosphate  (ATP)–dependent transporters.
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34
Q

These are a membrane transporter which are the main routes for 💡water movement into and out of the cell

A

Water channels, or Aquaporins (AQPs)

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35
Q

These are a membrane transporter found in all cells, and are especially important for the function of 💡excitable cells

A

Ion channels

36
Q

Classification of Ion Channels:

💡💡
S
C
G

A

Selectivity
Conductance
Mechanism of channel gating

37
Q

It is defined as the nature of the ions that pass through the channel.

A

Selectivity

38
Q

It refers to the 💡number of ions that pass through the channel and is typically expressed in picosiemens (pS)

A

Channel conductance

39
Q

Factors that can control the Gating:

💡💡
M
E
I
M
A

Membrane voltage
Extracellular agonists or antagonists
Intracellular messengers
Mechanical stretch of the plasma membrane

40
Q

It is a solute carrier that transports a 💡single molecule across the membrane

A

Uniporters (or Facilitated Transporters)

41
Q

Is is a solute carrier that couples the movement of 💡two or more molecules/ions across the membrane

The molecules/ions are transported in the 💡same direction

A

Symporters (or Cotransporters)

42
Q

It couples the movement of 💡two or more molecules/ions across the membrane; in this case, however, the molecules/ions are transported in 💡opposite directions

A

Antiporters (or Exchange Transporters)

43
Q

These are a membrane transporter that use the energy in 💡ATP to drive the movement of molecules/ ions across the membrane.

A

ATP-dependent transporters

44
Q

Two groups of ATPdependent transporters:

A

ATPase ion transporters

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters

45
Q

The ATPase ion transporters are subdivided into:

💡💡
P
V

A

P-type ATPases

V-type ATPases (Vacuolar H+-ATPases)

46
Q

Its is 💡phosphorylated during the transport cycle.

A

P-type ATPase

47
Q

It is an important example of a P-type ATPase.

It is present in all cells and plays a critical role in establishing cellular ion and electrical gradients, as well as maintaining cell volume

A

Na+,K+-ATPase

48
Q

It is found in the 💡membranes of several intracellular organelles (e.g., endosomes, lysosomes)

Plays an important role in 💡urinary acidification

A

V-type ATPases (Vacuolar H+-ATPases)

49
Q

The process whereby a piece of the plasma membrane pinches off and is internalized into the cell interior

A

Endocytosis

50
Q

The process whereby vesicles inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

51
Q

The transport of substances inside the vesicles across the Epithelia

A

Transcytosis

52
Q

An autosomal recessive disease characterized by chronic lung infections, pancreatic insufficiency, and infertility in boys and men.

It is a result of mutations in a gene on 💡chromosome 7 that codes for an ABC transporter

Caused by defective epithelial transport.

A

Cystic fibrosis

53
Q

-

A

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)

54
Q

Three Mechanisms of Endocytosis;

A

PINOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

55
Q

Uptake of 💡small molecules and 💡water into the cell

Is a prominent feature of the endothelial cells that line capillaries and is responsible for a portion of the fluid exchange that occurs across these vessels.

A

PINOCYTOSIS

56
Q

It allows for the cellular internalization of 💡large particles

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

57
Q

Mechanisms of Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

💡💡
Ligand + Receptor 
Clathrin coated pits
Dynamin
Recycle
Uncoating
A

Receptors on the surface of the cell bind the ligand. A clathrin-coated pit is formed with adaptin linking the receptor molecules to clathrin. Dynamin, a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), assists in separation of the endocytic vesicle from the membrane. Once inside the cell, the clathrin and adaptin molecules dissociate and are recycled. The uncoated vesicle is then ready to fuse with other organelles in the cell (e.g., lysosomes). 

58
Q

It is the process by which molecules move spontaneously from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration.

A

DIFFUSION

59
Q

Diffusion is a random process driven by the __.

A

Thermal motion of the molecules

60
Q

It quantifies the rate at which a molecule diffuses from point A to point B:

A

Fick’s first law of diffusion

61
Q

The rate of diffusion will be __ for small molecules than for large molecules.

A

Faster

62
Q

Diffusion rates are __ at 💡elevated temperatures, in the presence of 💡large concentration gradients, and when diffusion occurs in a 💡low-viscosity medium.

A

High

63
Q

It is used to 💡quantitate the driving force acting on a molecule to cause it to move across a membrane

A

Electrochemical Gradient (also called the Electrochemical Potential Difference)

64
Q

When the net movement of a molecule across a membrane occurs in the 💡direction predicted by the electrochemical gradient, that movement is termed?

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

65
Q

Other term for passive transport?

A

“Downhill Transport” or “Transport with the Electrochemical Gradient.”

66
Q

The net movement of a molecule across the membrane is 💡opposite to that predicted by the electrochemical gradient, that movement is termed __, a process that requires the input of 💡💡energy

A

ACTIVE TRANSORT

67
Q

Other term for Active Transport?

A

“Uphill Transport” or “Transport against the Electrochemical Gradient.”

68
Q

The 💡movement of water across cell membranes occurs by the process of?

A

OSMOSIS

69
Q

In osmosis, the movement of water is (1)__, with the driving force for this movement being the (2)__ across the cell membrane.

A

(1) Passive

(2) Osmotic Pressure Difference

70
Q

It is determined by the 💡number of solute molecules dissolved in the solution.

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

71
Q

Osmotic pressure is not dependent on such factors as the:

💡💡
S
C

A

Size of the molecules Mass

Chemical nature

72
Q

Osmotic pressure (π), measured in (1)__, is calculated by (2)__

💡💡
A
V

A

(1) Atmospheres (atm)

(2) van’t Hoff’s law

73
Q

Refers to the osmotic pressure generated by the dissolved solute molecules in 💡1 L of solvent

A

OSMOLARITY

74
Q

The number of molecules dissolved in 💡1 kg of solvent.

A

OSMOLALITY

75
Q

Osmolality Fomula

A

2(Na) + BUN/3 + Glucose/18

77
Q

Measurements of 💡osmolarity are __ because the volume of the solvent varies with temperature

A

Temperature Dependent

78
Q

💡Osmolality, which is based on the mass of the solvent, is __.

A

Temperature Independent

79
Q

Solutions that 💡do not change the volume of a cell are said to be?

A

ISOTONIC

80
Q

Solution causes a cell to 💡swell

A

HYPOTONIC

81
Q

Solution causes a cell to 💡shrink

A

HYPERTONIC

82
Q

To exert an osmotic pressure across a membrane, a molecule __ the membrane.

A

Must not cross

83
Q

It can generate an osmotic pressure across the membrane.

A

EFFECTIVE OSMOLE

84
Q

It cannot generate an osmotic pressure across the membrane.

A

INEFFECTIVE OSMOLE

85
Q

It is the osmotic pressure 💡generated by large molecules (especially proteins) in solution.

A

ONCOTIC PRESSURE

86
Q

It is defined as the weight of a volume of solution divided by the weight of an equal volume of distilled water.

It measures the 💡total concentration of all molecules in a solution.

A

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

PHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

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