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Biology 3 > Homeostasis and the Kidneys > Flashcards

Homeostasis and the Kidneys Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment.

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2
Q

What are the six things to be controlled?

A
  1. Body temperature
  2. Water content
  3. Ion content
  4. Blood sugar levels
  5. Carbon dioxide
  6. Urea
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3
Q

Why must body temperature be regulated?

A
  1. Enzymes won’t work

2. Important reactions disrupted

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4
Q

How is body temperature monitored?

A

Thermoregulatory centre in brain receives impulses from blood temperature in brain and in skin.

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5
Q

What happens if you’re too hot?

A
  1. Hairs lie flat.
  2. Sweat produced and evaporates, taking away heat
  3. Blood vessels dilate, so more blood flows closer to surface - easier for heat to be transferred to environment
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6
Q

What happens if you’re too cold?

A
  1. Hairs stand up to trap insulating layer of air
  2. No sweat produced
  3. Blood vessels constrict to close off skin blood supply
  4. Shiver - respiration generates warmth
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7
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A
  1. Removal of urea
  2. Adjustment of ions
  3. Adjustment of water content
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8
Q

What is urea?

A

A waste product of the conversion of amino acids into fats and carbohydrates.

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9
Q

Why must urea be removed?

A

Poisonous.

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10
Q

How is urea removed?

A
  1. Released into blood by liver.
  2. Kidney filters it out of blood.
  3. Stored in bladder and excreted.
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11
Q

What are the consequences of wrong ion content?

A

Disrupted osmotic balance.

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12
Q

How are excess ions removed?

A

Kidneys.

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13
Q

How is water lost from the body?

A
  1. Urine
  2. Sweat
  3. Air breathed out
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14
Q

How is water balanced in the body?

A
  1. Liquids consumed
  2. Amount sweated out
  3. Amount excreted by the kidneys in urine
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15
Q

How do sports drinks work?

A
  1. Water and ions replace those lost in sweat

2. Sugar replaces sugar used by muscles

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16
Q

How does ultrafiltration work?

A
  1. High pressure squeezes blood through membrane
  2. Water, urea, ions and sugar enter Bowman’s capsule
  3. Big molecules stay in blood
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17
Q

What is reabsorbed by the kidney?

A
  1. All the sugar
  2. Some ions
  3. Some water
18
Q

How are ions reabsorbed into the blood?

A

Active transport.

19
Q

What happens to substances that aren’t reabsorbed?

A

Continue out of nephron into ureter and down to bladder as urine.

20
Q

What happens if the kidneys don’t work properly?

A
  1. Waste substances build up in the blood
  2. You cannot control the ion and water levels in your body
  3. Eventual death
21
Q

What are the two treatments for kidney failure?

A
  1. Dialysis

2. Kidney transplant

22
Q

Why does dialysis have to be done regularly?

A
  1. Keep concentrations of dissolved substances in the blood at normal levels
  2. Remove waste substances
23
Q

Why aren’t dissolved ions and glucose lost from the blood during dialysis?

A

The dialysis fluid has the same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood.

24
Q

What is the problem with dialysis?

A

Blood clots or infections.

25
Q

Where do healthy kidneys come from?

A
  1. People who died and are on the organ donor register.

2. Live organ donors.

26
Q

Why are donor kidneys rejected?

A

The foreign antigens on the donor kidney are attacked by the patient’s antigens.

27
Q

What precautions are taken to reduce chance of organ rejection?

A
  1. Donors are chosen by tissue type

2. Immunosuppressive drugs

28
Q

How does glucose enter the blood?

A

Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood by the gut.

29
Q

How is glucose removed from the blood?

A
  1. Normal cell metabolism

2. Vigorous exercise (much more)

30
Q

What happens if blood glucose level is too high?

A
  1. Insulin secreted by pancreas
  2. Liver turns glucose into glycogen
  3. Insulin removed by liver
31
Q

What happens if blood glucose level is too low?

A
  1. Glucagon secreted by pancreas
  2. Liver turns glycogen into glucose
  3. Glucagon removed by liver
32
Q

What is type one diabetes caused by?

A

Lack of insulin.

33
Q

What happens if type one diabetes isn’t treated?

A

Blood glucose can rise to a level that can kill them.

34
Q

How can blood glucose level be controlled?

A
  1. Controlling diet (less sugar)
  2. Exercise
  3. Insulin therapy
35
Q

How does insulin therapy work?

A

Injecting insulin so that glucose is removed from the blood once the food has been digested.

36
Q

Where did insulin used to come from?

A

Pig and cow pancreases.

37
Q

What was wrong with animal insulin?

A

Caused adverse reactions.

38
Q

What is the problem with insulin therapy?

A

Not as accurate as an actual pancreas.

39
Q

What is the problem with a pancreas implant?

A

Could cause tissue rejection - immunosuppressive drugs are expensive and have serious side-effects.

40
Q

What modern research could eliminate organ rejection?

A

Artificial pancreases and stem cell research.

Biology 3 (7 decks)

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