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foundations of medicine > homeostasis and cells > Flashcards

homeostasis and cells Flashcards

1
Q

major systems maintaining health and optimal homeostasis

A

nervous and endocrine system

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2
Q

define homeostasis

A

homeostasis monitors the bodies environment for changes and signals mechanisms to prevent disturbance and maintain optimum conditions

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3
Q

what is the importance of maintaining consistency of the internal environemnts

A

failure to compensate for external changes can cause illness or disease

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4
Q

what is negative feedback

A

the original condition is removed/becomes switched off by the response

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5
Q

what is feedforward control

A

additional receptors are used to anticipate change and activate response before initial disturbance

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6
Q

how is water split in the body

A

2/3 ICL
1/3 ECL

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7
Q

barrier between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

blood vessel capillary wall which is permeable to everything but plasma protein and blood cells

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8
Q

barrier between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

A

cell membrane which has selective permeability

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9
Q

what is dilution principle

A

c=m/v

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10
Q

how could you find plasma fluid volume

A

evans blue or l125 radioactive albumin attach to plasma proteins

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11
Q

how would you find extracellular volume

A

requires something that freely crosses capillary walls but not cell membranes e.g inulin, Cl or Na

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12
Q

how would you find total body water

A

no barrier for water in the body so loading dose of deuterated water is used and volume is calculated by:

ISF= ECP-PV , ICF = TBW-ECF

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13
Q

what are the structures present in all cell types

A
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosome
  • cell (plasma) membrane
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14
Q

role of the nucleus

A

contains DNA and are sites of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly

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15
Q

role of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

RER (ribosomes attached, modifies proteins) or SER (no ribosomes, lipid and steroid hormone production)

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16
Q

role of golgi apparatus

A

packages up proteins in preparation for transport out of the cell

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17
Q

role of ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis

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18
Q

role of lysosome

A

bound vesicles containing enzymes, responsible for the digestion of biological materials

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19
Q

role of peroxisome

A

bound vesicles containing enzymes, responsible for degrading long chain fatty acids and foreign toxic molecules

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20
Q

role of mitochondria

A

site of oxidative phosphorylation

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21
Q

role of flagella

A

enables movement

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22
Q

role of cillium

A

move water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the cilia

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23
Q

describe the structure of the eukaryotic plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer = double layer of lipid with attached phosphate groups

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24
Q

describe the function of the eukaryotic plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable via protein receptors

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25
what are stem cells
cells that can differentiate into may (multipotent) or any (pluripotent) cell types of the body
26
describe stem cell differentiation
undifferentiated stem cells divide and give rise to daughter cells which are genetically identical
27
what is apoptosis
- controlled programmed cell death - normal process essential for normal function
28
what is necrosis
- untimely/unplanned death of cells in response to injury or infection - not a normal cell process
29
4 organic elements - biomolecules
H C N O
30
7 large elements - biomolecules
Na Mg K Ca P S Cl
31
what is -NH2
amino group H -N H
32
what is COOH
carboxyl acid = O -C OH
33
what is OH
hydroxyl group -O-H
34
what is H2PO4
phosphate OH -O-P=O OH
35
what is a redox reaction example
NADH(reducing agent, becomes oxidised) and NAD+ (oxidising agent which becomes reduced
36
what is making and breaking c-c bonds reaction example
glycolysis (breaking) and gluconeogenisis (making)
37
what is an internal rearrangements reaction example
glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate (glycolysis)
38
what is a group transfers reaction example
phosphoryl group transferred from ATP to fructose 1,6-biphosphate (glycolysis)
39
what is a condensation reaction example
2 smaller molecules combining to form a larger molecule, releasing water
40
what is a hydrolysis reaction example
breaking a large molecule into smaller units using water
41
structure of carbohydrates
glucose polymers in open chain or ring form with end monomer: reducing end - aldehyde
42
structure of proteins
long chains of amino acids formed by condensation. have Amino end and carboxyl end
43
structure of nucleic acids
in the structure of RNA or DNA made up of a base, phosphate group and sugar
44
structure of lipids
repeating units of FA’s which can be saturated (single bonds), mono-unsaturated (one double bond) or poly-saturated (more than one double bond)
45
define hydrophobic
molecules that do not dissolve in water
46
define hydrophilic
molecules that dissolve in water
47
define amphipathic
contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
48
examples of hydrophilic substances
- sugars - alcohols - aldehydes - ketones
49
examples of hydrophobic substances
- fat soluble vitamins - lipids - oxygen
50
examples of amphipathic substances
cholesterol
51
describe a liposome
multiple phospholipids in a lipid bilayer with a hollow core
52
describe a micelle
single layer of phospholipids with no core
53
describe a chylomicron
like liposome but with a protein embedded shell
54
what is meant by a buffer
solutions that resist changes in pH, weak acids and bases have the ability to only partially dissociate, giving them the ability to act as buffers
55
define metabolism
chemical processes in a living organism by which food is used for tissue growth or energy production
56
is anabolism endergonic or exergonic
endergonic
57
is catabolism endergonic or exergonic
exergonic
58
describe the relationship between catabolic and anabolic processes
free energy flows between catabolic processes and anabolic processes allowing them to occur
59
what is the 1st law of energy changes
“energy can be converted from one form to another but the total energy of the universe remains the same’
60
what is the 2nd law of energy changes
“all energy transformations ultimately lead to more disorder in the universe”

foundations of medicine (5 decks)

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