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Chemistry > HOMEOSTASIS > Flashcards

HOMEOSTASIS Flashcards

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1
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

homeostasis is the regulation of cells to maintain the optimum conditions in response to internal and external changes

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2
Q

what are some of the internal conditions that are controlled?

A

👂 the water content
👂 body temperature
👂 blood glucose concentration

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3
Q

why is homeostasis important?

A

homeostasis is important o maintain the optimum condition for enzyme action and cellular functions

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4
Q

what is a receptor?

A

a receptor detects the stimulus (a change in the environment)

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5
Q

give examples of the coordination centre

3 examples

A

👉🏻 spinal chord
👉🏻 brain
👉🏻 organs such as the pancreas

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6
Q

what is the effector?

A

the effector is the response to the stimulus. either a muscle or gland. a muscle contracts and a muscle secretes a hormone

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7
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

the nervous system uses electrical impulses to enable you to react quickly to your surroundings and coordinate your behaviour.

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8
Q

where do the impulses travel?

A

impulses from the receptors pass along the sensory neurones to the CNS (brain or spinal chord). the brain coordinates the response, and impulses are sent along the motor neuron the effector

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9
Q

what is a reflex action?

A

a reflex action is an automatic response that doesn’t involve the conscious part of the brain

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10
Q

explain the reflex arc

A

🧠 a receptor detects the stimulus
🧠 a sensory neurone transmits the impulse to the CNS
🧠 a relay neurone in the CNS passes the impulse on
🧠 a motor neurone is stimulated
🧠 the motor neurone take the impulse to an effector ( a muscle or gland)
🧠 action is taken ( muscle contacts and gland secretes hormones

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11
Q

what does the cerebral cortex control?

A

Consciousness
intelligence
memory
language

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12
Q

what does the cerebellum control?

A

the cerebellum is mainly in control of the coordination of muscular activity

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13
Q

what does the medulla control?

A

this controls unconscious activities such as heartbeat and breathing

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14
Q

what happens at the synapse?

A

the neurones aren’t joined up exactly at the end but there are junctions called synapses
the diffusion of the chemical delivers the impulse to the next neurone.

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15
Q

what is the endocrine system composed of?

A

the endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream. the blood carries the hormone to the target organ where it produces an effect.

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16
Q

what do the endocrine glands do?

A

the endocrine glands secrete hormones for coordination and control over the body.

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17
Q

COMPARED TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, THE EFFECTS OF THE HORMONES IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IS SLOWER AND OFTEN LONG LASTING

A

COMPARED TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, THE EFFECTS OF THE HORMONES IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IS SLOWER AND OFTEN LONG LASTING

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18
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

the pituitary gland is known as the master gland as it secretes several hormones. some of the hormones released stimulate other glands to release their hormone to bring about specific effects.

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19
Q

what are some of the hormones produced at the pituitary gland? two that target specific endocrine glands

A

👉🏻 FSH- which stimulates the ovaries to secrete oestrogen

👉🏻 TSH- which stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine

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20
Q

what are some of the hormones produced at the pituitary gland? two that have a direct effect on the body

A

👉🏻 ADH - affects the amount of urine produced by the kidney

👉🏻 a growth hormone that controls the rate of growth in children

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21
Q

what does the pancreas control?

A

the pancreas controls the and monitors the glucose in your blood. receptors in the pancreas detect the blood glucose levels

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22
Q

what happens if there are high blood glucose levels?

A

👩‍🔬 If there is too much glucose in the blood, the pancreas creates a hormone called insulin
👩‍🔬 insulin causes the blood glucose to move from the blood into the cell.
👩‍🔬 in the liver and the muscles, when there is excess glucose, it turns into glycogen for storage. when the stores are full, glucose is turned into lipids. this can make you obese.

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23
Q

what happens if there are low blood glucose levels?

A

👩‍🔬 insulin can cause blood glucose levels to drop.
👩‍🔬 if the levels get too low, the pancreas releases glucagon, which converts the stored glycogen into glucose.
👩‍🔬 this is glucose is put back into the blood
👩‍🔬 glucagon interacts with the insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control blood glucose levels.§

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24
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

this is when the pancreas produces little or no insulin so the blood glucose levels are very high

25
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

this develops when the body doesn’t respond to its own insulin. this can lead to type 2 diabetes

26
Q

how do you treat type one diabetes?

A

people with type one diabetes have to inject themselves with insulin (made from genetically engineered bacteria) before every meal without fail.

27
Q

what new methods are doctors trying to develop for diabetes 1 (4 ways)

A

🏃‍♂️pancreas transplant
🏃‍♂️embryonic stem cell treatment to make cells like insulin
🏃‍♂️transplanting pancreas cells
🏃‍♂️genetically engineering pancreas cells to make them work properly

28
Q

how do you treat type 2 diabetes?

A

if you are obese you have to eat a balanced diet and exercise. they also have to reduce the amount of carbohydrate intake.
if the above ways don’t work, the doctors can prescribe them with a drug that helps produce insulin or reduce the amount of glucose you absorb in your gut.

29
Q

what is the main female reproductive hormone and where is it made?

A

Oestrogen and it is made in the ovaries

30
Q

what secondary sexual characteristics happen to girls due to puberty? (name 3)

A

💀 growth spurt
💀 underarm and pubic hair
💀mentruation begins

31
Q

what are the 3 basic steps of the menstrual cycle

A

🍳 every month, an egg begins to mature in the ovary and the uterus produces a thickened lining ready for pregnancy
🍳 every 28 days the egg is released from the ovary. this is called ovulation
🍳 if the egg is not fertilised, the egg and the lining is discarded around 14 days later

32
Q

what hormones are involved in controlling the

menstrual cycle?

A

FSH - causes the eggs in the ovary to mature
OESTROGEN - stimulates the build-up of the lining
LH - stimulates the release of the egg
PROGESTERONE - stimulates maintenance of the lining

33
Q

what is the main male reproductive hormone and where is it made?

A

testosterone and it is produced in the testes.

34
Q

what secondary sexual characteristics happen to boys due to puberty? (name 3)

A

💀growth spurt
💀voice breaks
💀testes grow

35
Q

what does FSH do? (3)

A

🧠 secreted by the pituitary gland
🧠 makes eggs mature in the follicles in the ovaries
🧠 stimulates the ovaries to release hormones like oestrogen

36
Q

what does oestrogen do? (3)

A

🧠 is made and released in the ovaries, stimulated by FSH
🧠 stimulates the lining of the uterus, after mensuration in preparation for pregnancy
🧠 inhibits the production of FSH and stimulates the production of LH when oestrogen levels are too high

37
Q

what does LH do? (3)

A

🧠 is secreted by the pituitary gland
🧠 stimulates the release of the egg
🧠 levels fall after ovulation has taken place

38
Q

what does progesterone do? (4)

A

🧠 is secreted by the empty follicles in the ovaries after ovulation
🧠 one of the hormones that helps maintain pregnancy if the egg is fertilised
🧠 inhibits both FSH and LH
🧠 maintains the lining of the uterus in the second half of the cycle for a fertile egg

39
Q

what hormones do oral contraceptives use?

A

they use a hormone that inhibits FSH do no eggs mature

40
Q

what hormones does the pill contain? and what do they do

A

a low dose of oestrogen and some progesterone. some pills may only have progesterone.
the pill hormone inhibit FSH to stop the egg from being release
stops the lining from developing to prevent plantation
makes the mucus in the cervix thick to prevent sperm getting through

41
Q

what is lack of ovulation

A

when some women can’t produce FSH to mature their eggs

42
Q

what can be done for lack of ovulation

A

artificial FSH can be given in a drug.
artificial LH can be used to trigger ovulation
and the women can get pregnant naturally

43
Q

what is IVF

A

🍳in vitro fertilisation is when the eggs are taken by the mother and are fertilised by the father’s sperm in a laboratory.
🍳to get the eggs the mother is given FSH to stimulate the maturity of the eggs and LH to allow them to be released.
🍳 the fertilised egg develops into an embryo and is placed back in the mother’s uterus.

44
Q

what are the advantages of IVF?

A

gives the mother a chance of giving birth

45
Q

what are the disadvantages of IVF?

A

👉it is very expensive
👉it isn’t always successful
👉it can lead to multiple or premature births
👉there are some ethical issues

46
Q

what can auxins be used for?

A

🌱weed killers
🌱to stimulate growth
🌱 tissue cultures

47
Q

what are gibberellins used for>

A

🌱to speed up germination
🌱to grown flowers all year round
🌱make bigger fruit

48
Q

what are ethenes used for?

A

to ripen fruit such as bananas

49
Q

what is the average human body temp?

A

37 degrees Celsius

50
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

thermoregulation is the regulation of the internal body temperature so that the enzymes in the body work as efficiently as possible

51
Q

where is thermoregulation controlled?

A

thermoregulation works in the brain which measures the temperature of the blood flowing. Also, receptors in the skin calculate this and send impulses to the brain

52
Q

what happens if the core body temp rises?

A

😅 your blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) so more blood runs. more energy is radiated to the environment throughout your body. the skin looks red because there is more blood flowing.
😅 your sweat gland releases more sweat so that when it evaporates off the surface, it cools. you also drink more water to make up for this loss of water

53
Q

what happens if the core body temperature falls?

A

❄️ your blood vessels constrict so less blood is flowing because less energy is radiated to the environment
❄️ you shiver, this contract and relax of the muscles requires you to respire more. the exothermic reactions warm your blood.

54
Q

how does a healthy kidney produce urine?

A

👉🏻 filtering the blood
👉🏻 reabsorbing the glucose from the blood
👉🏻 reabsorbing the mineral ions you body needs
👉🏻reabsorbong as much water as the body needs but keeping excess
👉🏻 releasing urea with excess mineral ions and water

55
Q

what is selective reabsorption

A

when the kidney only reabsorbs the necessary substances

56
Q

where is the urine temporarily stored before being released

A

the bladder

57
Q

what happens if the water content of the body is too low

A

💧 the pituitary gland releases a hormone called ADH which causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water
💧 it does this by changing the permeability of the kidney tubules, this results in more concentrated urine

58
Q

what happens if the water content of the body is too high

A

💧 less ADH is released leading to more dilute urine as less water is reabsorbed
💧works as a negative feedback

59
Q

how can people with kidney failure be treated?

A

with kidney transplant or dialysis

Chemistry (12 decks)

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