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Med physiology - Quiz 1 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define Homeostasis.

A

Homeostasis refer to the dynamic mechanisms that detect and respond to deviations in physiologic variables from their “set point” values by initiating effector responses that restore the variable to the optimal physiological range.

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2
Q

Is homeostasis an energy consuming state?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What is constancy?

A

Standing still

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4
Q

What is Equilibrium?

A

Variations around a normal

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5
Q

What is a steady state?

A

Variations around a normal that require energy to maintain

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6
Q

Water makes up ______ of the human body.

A

2 / 3rds

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7
Q

How does homeostasis use water?

A

Homeostasis uses water and its dissolved substances to create a steady state.

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8
Q

Body fluids can be divided into what two categories?

A

Intracellular Fluid (ICF) and Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

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9
Q

Extracellular fluid is the fluid _______ the cell.

A

Outside

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10
Q

25% of the ECF in the fluid protion of the _______ known as _______.

A

Blood

Plasma

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11
Q

75% of the ECF lies around/between the cells known as _________ _______.

A

Interstitial fluid

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12
Q

ECF = ________ + ________

A

Plasma + Interstitial fluid

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13
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of a solute from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration.

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14
Q

The difference in solute concentrations is known as the ___________ _________.

A

Concentration gradient

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15
Q

Define Osmosis

A

The movement of water down the concentration gradient across a semi permeable membrane

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16
Q

Active transport requires _____, ______ , and _______ for molecules to be moved into the cell.

A
  1. life
  2. biological activity
  3. expenditure of metabolic energy by the cell
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17
Q

Water and small uncharged molecules move across a cell membrane through ______ _______.

A

Passive transport

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18
Q

Large molecules (glucose) and Ions (Na+, HCO3-) move across a cell membrane through ______ _______.

A

active transport

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19
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The use of protein transporter to move a solute across a membranewithout expending energy

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20
Q

What is an example of a molecule that uses facilitated diffusion?

A

Glucose

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21
Q

Active transport move ___ the concentration gradient.

A

Up

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22
Q

Describe endocytosis (THINK: Packaging)

A

A section of the plasma membrane enfolds a substance out side the cell, folds across the membrane, separates from the membrane forming a vesicle that moves inside the cell - (EX: Nutrients)

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23
Q

Describe Exocytosis

A

Secretion of material from inside the cell using vesicles at the cell surface

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24
Q

The cell membrane is made up of a ________.

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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25
Q

A cell’s phospholipid bilayer is also known as _________.

A

amphipathic

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26
Q

A cell membrane is ________ permeable.

A

Selectively

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27
Q

What things do cells need to bring in?

A

Food (Glucose), O2, Water, Nutrients, Messages

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28
Q

What things do cells need to send out?

A

Trash (CO2), Goods (Hormones, carrier proteins)

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29
Q

What things do cells need to keep in?

A

Water, orangelles

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30
Q

What things do cells need to keep out?

A

Pathogens

31
Q

What is the primary function of the nucleus?

A

Cell division and the control of genetic information

32
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum specializes in _________.

A

The synthesis and transport of proteins and lipid components.

33
Q

The golgi apparatus has membranous folds which help create ______ _______.

A

Secretory vesicles

34
Q

Lysosomes are the ____________ of the cell.

A

Garbage men

35
Q

Mitochondria are responsible for _______ and __________.

A

Cellular respiration

Energy production

36
Q

What is the ratio of ATP molecules from 1 glucose molecule in AEROBIC respiration?

A

34 : 1

37
Q

What is the ratio of ATP molecules from 1 glucose molecule in ANAEROBIC respiration?

A

4 : 1

38
Q

What type of cells do the most aerobic respiration?

A

Liver and Muscle

39
Q

Fuel for the Kreb’s/Citric acid cycle always comes from what molecule?

A

Acetyl-CoA

40
Q

Proteins need which group removed in order to be burned in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Amino Group

41
Q

What two molecules (other than ATP) are produced in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

NADH

FADH2

42
Q

Half of the energy from the Kreb’s cycle is lost as _______.

A

Heat

43
Q

The Kreb’s cycle occurs where?

A

In the mitochondria cytoplasm

44
Q

What is the toxic mechanism of CO?

A

Blocks the electron transport chain

45
Q

Autocrine cell signaling are cells communicating with _______.

A

Themselves

46
Q

Autocrine signaing is a _______ feedback loop.

A

Negative (Cell produces signaling molecule -> binds to receptor on cell –> tells cell to stop making molecule)

47
Q

Paracrine signaling travels a ______ distance between cells.

A

short

48
Q

Nitric Oxide is an example of ________ signaling.

A

Paracrine

49
Q

Paracrine messengers have _____ specificity.

A

high

50
Q

Endocrine signaling are cells talking to each other _____ or _____.

A

near

far

51
Q

Endocrine messenger have _____ specificity

A

low

52
Q

Neuroendocrine signaling occurs when ________.

A

The nervous system talks directly to the endocrine system.

53
Q

Name an example of neuroendocrine signalling.

A

In the hypothalamus, when nervous tissue communicates with the pituitary gland

54
Q

Name the 11 organ systems.

A
  1. Circulatory
  2. Digestive
  3. Endocrine
  4. Immune
  5. Integumentary
  6. Lymphatic
  7. Musculoskeletal
  8. Nervous
  9. Reproductive
  10. Respiratory
  11. Urinary
55
Q

What are the four tissue types in the body?

A
  1. Connective
  2. Epithelial
  3. Nervous
  4. Muscle
56
Q

The primary function of muscle tissue is to _______.

A

Connect, Lengthen, and respond to nerve signaling

57
Q

The primary function of nervous tissue is to ________.

A

Send rapid signal, release neurotransmitters

58
Q

The primary function of connective tissue is to ______.

A

Connect, hold, store, transfer

59
Q

The primary function of epithelial tissue is to ________.

A

Cover, protect, defend, absorb.

60
Q

The lining of the intestines are an ___________ tissue.

A

Epithelial

61
Q

Blood is a _________ tissue.

A

Connective

62
Q

The heart is a _________ tissue.

A

Muscle

63
Q

The nerves are a ___________ tissue.

A

Nervous

64
Q

What are the 3 types of cellular junctions?

A
  1. Desomosomes
  2. Gap Junctions
  3. Tight Junctions
65
Q

Desmosomes are very ________ sound (Think welding).

A

Structurally

66
Q

What type of tissues use desmosomes?

A

Epithelial

67
Q

Describe a gap junction.

A

Two cells separated by interstitial fluid

68
Q

Name an example of somewhere in the body that gap junctions exist.

A

The heart: Allow conduction

69
Q

What are tight junctions? (THINK Sealant)

A

Create a water tight seal between cells

70
Q

In water tight junctions, ECF can not travel between cells, instead it must travel ________ cells.

A

through

71
Q

Name an example of where Tight junctions are found in the body.

A

GI tissues

72
Q

A positive feedback loop ______ the production of the product

A

Enhances

73
Q

A negative feedback loop ______ the system once a ______ has been reached.

A

shuts off

set point

Med physiology - Quiz 1 (4 decks)

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