Hematology Flashcards
Blood = ______ + ______
Plasma + Cells
Plasma is composed of _______.
organic + inorganic substances (including proteins) dissolved in water
Cells in the blood include _____.
WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
Plasma is about _______ water.
90%
________ make up most of the solute weight of the plasma.
Dissolved proteins
Examples of proteins in plasma include _________ (3 of them).
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Plasma is a _________. (Primary Function)
Transporter
Hematopoiesis is the _________.
Production of blood cells.
Hematopoiesis occurs in the ________.
Bone marrow
Hematopoiesis produces a ________ first, which then divides into ______ and _______ cells.
- Pluripotent stem cell
- Lymphoid
- Myeloid
Lymphoid cells mature into ________.
Lymphocytes
Myeloid cells mature into _______ (3 Cells).
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Platelets
All blood cells originate from ________.
Pluripotent stem cells
What is unique about a RBC’s shape? What does this increase?
They are a biconcave disc, which increases their surface area and makes them flexible
What is the primary function of a erythrocyte?
Oxyegn/Carbon Dioxide transporter.
Do erythrocytes have a nucleus or mitochondria?
No
Can erythrocytes preform mitosis or aerobic respiration?
No
What molecule does erythrocytes carrying that contributes to the pH of blood?
Carbonic anhydrase
What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?
80-120 days (00 day average)
Platelets are _____ shaped.
Irregularly
The life span of a platelet is ______ days.
8-11
The primary functions of a platelets are to aid in _______.
Hemostasis following vascular injury, and coagulation/clot formation
What are the 3 requirements form RBC production?
- Iron
- Folic acid/Vitamin B12
- EPO
What does EPO stand for?
Erythropoetin
Hgb is a ____ piece molecule with _____ incorporated into its structure at _____ different sites.
- 4
- Fe++
- 4
Hgb helps RBCs carry ______.
O2
In tissues that are more acidic, Hgb will hold onto O2 more _______.
Loosely
In tissues that are more basic, Hgb will hold onto O2 more ________.
Tightly
Name a scenario in which Hgb would hold onto O2 loosely.
Lactic acid build up in tissues when someone is exercising
Name a scenario in which Hgb would hang onto O2 tightly.
In a fetus (O2 has a longer way to travel to reach the baby from the mother)
Oxyhemoglobin is Hgb with ______ binded to it.
O2
Oxyhemoglobin appears _______ in color.
Redder
Deoxyhemoglobin is Hgb ________ O2 binded to it.
Without
The color change in hgb once O2 binds to it is due to its change is shape, also called its ____________.
Confirmation
CO binds ______ tighter to Hgb than O2
100x
CO poisoned blood appears ______, similar to arterial blood.
redder
Why do people die of CO poisoning?
CO bonded to Hgb prevents O2 from bonding and reaching our cells
What is erythropoetin?
A hormone that stimulates the production of erythrocytes - (more cells down the line)
Where is erythropoetin produced?
In the cortex of the kidneys
What increases the production of EPO?
The detection of low 02 concentrations in the blood (Hypoxia)
EPO is often given to __________ patients, as __________ can kill off RBCs. (Same word twice)
Chemotherapy
Reticulocytes and nucleated RBCs are _______ forms of RBCs.
immature
What conditions cause bone marrow to push immature RBCs out early? (Two)
- Anemia
2. Cancer
Iron is transported in the blood while bound to ________.
Transferrin
Iron is stored bound to ___________ in the liver, spleen, and small intestines .
Ferritin
Polycythemia means……
Too many cells
Anemia means……
Too few RBCs/Too little Hgb
The clotting cascade is made up of what two pathways?
Extrinsic and Intrinsic
The extrinsic pathway is triggered by _______.
Vessel damage
The Intrinsic Pathway is also triggered by ______, but is less common and much slower.
Vessel damage
The extrinsic pathway is started when factor _____ is exposed to _______.
7
Tissue Factor
The intrinsic pathway is initiated through ________ _________.
Contact activation
Name an example of something that would initiate the intrinsic pathway other than vessel damage.
Exposure to glass test tube
Write the Extrinsic pathway.
Trigger –> 7 (7a) –> 9 (9a) –> 10 (10a) –> 2(prothrombin) to 2a (thrombin) –> 1 (Fibrogen) to 1a (fibrin)
Write the intrinsic pathway
Trigger –> 12 (12a) –> 11 (11a) –> 9 (9a) –> 10 (10a) –> 2(prothrombin) to 2a (thrombin) –> 1 (Fibrogen) to 1a (fibrin)
What two factors are involved in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
9 (9a) and 10 (10a)
Factors 5 and 8 are both ______ in the intrinsic pathway
Amplifiers
Factor 13 is a _______.
Clot stabilizer
Clotting factors are made in the _____ and are secreted into the blood in their _______ forms.
Liver
Inactive
Plasma without clotting factors is called ______.
Serum
Patients with factor disorders are treated with _______.
Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
When protein C is activated it turns off what?
The amplification of Factor 5 and 8
Protein C greatly _____ the ____ process.
slows
clotting
If a person has a Protein C deficiency they are often in a ____________ state.
Hypercoaguable
Vitamin K Deficiencies _________ the synthesis of clotting factors.
decrease
Heparin is an anticoagulant that __________ antihrombin III and _______ the intrinsic pathway.
enhances
inhibits
Activated platelets produce _______.
TXA2
TXA2 acts as a _________ and __________.
Platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor
Tissue plasminogen activator is used to ___________ clots.
dissolve
An embolus is a clot that is ______ in the blood.
free-floating
A thrombus is a clot that is ________ in the blood.
Stationary
Name two types of emboli.
Pulmonary Emboli
Cerebral Emboli
