homeostasis Flashcards
physiology is an _____science
integrative
complex systems have ___properties
emergent
genomics
study of all the genomes of an organism
human genome project
proteomics
study of all of the proteins of an organism
the physiome project
molecular, cellular, and physiological information
epigenetics
when genes get turned on and off.
environmental effects
physiology
the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts
includes all its chemical and physical processes
what is the smallest unit of stricture capable of carrying out all life processes?
the cell
what is the organization of life?
atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms
which organs make up the circulatory system?
heart, blood vessels, blood
what is the function of the circulatory system?
transport of materials between all cells of the body
Which organs are in the digestive system?
stomach
intestine
liver
pancrease
what is the function of the digestive system?
conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of some wasts
which organs are in the endocrine system?
thyroid gland
adrenal gland
what is the function of the endocrine system?
coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules.
which organs are in the immune system?
thymus
spleen
lymph nodes
what is the function of the immune system?
defense against foreign invaders
which organs make up the integumentary system?
the skin
what is the function of the integumentary system?
protection from external environment
which organs make up the musculoskeletal system?
skeleton
muscles
bone
what is the function of the musculoskeletal system?
support and movement
what organs make up the nervous system?
brain
spinal cord
which organs make up the reproductive system?
ovaries
uterus
testes
what is the function of the reproductive system?
perpetuation of the species
which organs are in the urinary system?
kidneys
bladder
what is the function of the respiratory system?
exchange of oxygen and carbon between the internal and external environments
which organs make up the respiratory system?
lungs
airways
what is the function of the urinary system?
maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment, waste removal
Function explains the ___
why
process or mechanism describes the ___
how
____ and ____ are closely related.
Structure and function
living organisms need ___
energy
____maintains internal stability
homeostasis
homeostasis
regulation of the body's internal environment keeping internal environment stable interaction between: outside world extracellular fluid intracellular fluid
Homeostasis is not the same as equilibrium. It is said to be a ______ _______ state.
Dynamic steady state
we are always changing but our body is trying to keep it at a steady state
what happens when you cant reach homeostasis or if you fail to compensate for a change?
disease/death
If homeostasis were impossible, what would happen when we participate in any type of activity?
we wouldnt be able to compensate for all the changes that would take place in our bodies and we would die.
intrinsic control
inherent in an organ
ex: CO2 and vessel dilation in muscles
extrinsic control
outside the organ to alter the activity of the organ (body wide)
where is extrinsic control accomplished?
in the nervous and endocrine systems by hormones.
what is an example of positive feedback?
oxytocin release.
the baby drops lower in the uterus and initiates cervical stretch which then stimulates oxytocin release which causes contractions which pushes baby again the cervix which then causes cervical stretch and the cycle continues until the baby is delivered.
what is the transport mechanism for nutrients?
the extracellular fluid (ECF)
what is ECF made up of?
blood plasma and interstitial fluid
what is the equation for mass flow?
concentration x volume flow = mass flow (amount per unit time)
What is the mass flow for 50g glucose per liter given i.v. at 2 ml/min (WORK IT OUT!)
0.1g glucose/min
which ion(s) is ECF high in?
Na+ and Cl-
which ion(s) is ICF high in?
K+
what are the steps of experimental design?
hypothesis independent and dependent variables experimental controls data collection and replications difference between models and theories
why is it hard to interpret the results of human experiments?
there is genetic and environmental variability
the placebo effect and nocebo effect
ethics of human as test subjects
Negative feedback
stabilizes variable (opposes changes)
positive feedback
reinforces stimulus
feedforward control
anticipates change
