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Advanced physiology > communication, integration, and homeostasis-chp6 > Flashcards

communication, integration, and homeostasis-chp6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is responsible for most communication within the body?

A

chemical signals

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2
Q

what are some types of physiological signals?

A

electrical signals and chemical signals

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3
Q

electrical signals

A

changes in the membrane potential of a cell

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4
Q

chemical signals

A

neurotransmitters/hormones
they are secreted into the ECF
responsible for most communication within the body

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5
Q

what responds to signals?

A

target cells or targets

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6
Q

what do Gap Junctions do?

A

they form direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells.
they are super prevalent in the heart.

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7
Q

autocrine signals

A

act on the same cell that secreted them.

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8
Q

Paracrine signals

A

are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells.

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9
Q

Hormones are secreted by ______ glands or cells into the blood. only____ cells with ____ receptors for the hormone respond to the signal.

A

Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood. Only target cells with receptors for the hormone respond to the signal.

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10
Q

what are neurocrines?

A

chemical signals secreted by neurons like:
neurotransmitters
neuromodulators
neurohormones

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11
Q

neurotransmitters:

A

chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gao to the target cell.

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12
Q

Neurohormones

A

chemicals released by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets.
Ex:hypothalamus to pituitary
These are the ones that will only bind to target cells that have the receptors for them

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13
Q

what are the five steps of signal pathways?

A 
1-signal molecule
2-binds to membrane receptor protein 
3-activates intracellular signal molecules
4-alter target proteins
5-create response
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14
Q

what are the different types of membrane receptors?

A

Receptors channel (chemically gated)
receptor-enzyme
G-protein-coupled receptor
integrin receptor

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15
Q

Receptor Channel (chemically gated)

A

ligand binding opens or closes the channel

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16
Q

Receptor-enzyme

A

ligand binding to a receptor-enzyme activates an intracellular enzyme

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17
Q

G-protein coupled receptor

A

ligand binding to a G protein couples receptor opens an ion channel or alters enzyme activity. there are more of these than any other in the body. It doesn’t have a pore, nothing goes across.

18
Q

Integrin Receptor

A

ligand binding to integrin receptors alters the cytoskeleton

19
Q

tyrosine kinase receptor

A

transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine (an AA) of a protein

20
Q

What do G proteins do when they are activated?

A

open ion channels in the membrane

alter enzyme activity on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.

21
Q

what are the different second messengers?

A 
cAMP
cGMP
IP3
DAG
Ca2+
22
Q

cAMP

A

made from ATP
activates protein kinases, especially PKA.
binds to ion channels
phosphorylates proteins. Alters channel opening,

23
Q

cGMP

A

made from GTP.
activated protein kinases especially PKG
binds to ion channels
it phosphorylates proteins and alters chennel opening

24
Q

IP3

A

made from membrane phospholipids
releases Ca from intracellular stores
same effects as Ca

25
Q

DAG

A

made from phospholipids
activates protein kinase C
it phosphorylates proteins

26
Q

Ca2+

A 
binds to calmodulin and other proteins
alters enzyme activity 
exocytosis
muscle contraction 
cytoskeleton movement 
channel opening
27
Q

what are the steps of the GPCR adenylyl transduction signal transduction and amplification?

A

a signal molecule binds to g protein coupled receptor which activated G protein
G protein then activates adenyl cyclase which is an amplifier enzyme which then concerts ATP to cAMP . cAMP activated protein kinase A which phosphorylates other proteins leading to a cellular response.

28
Q

describe the g coupled protein receptor (GPCR) phospholipase C signal transduction

A

a signal molecule activates the receptor which activated the G protein
G protein then activated phospholipase C (PLC) which is an amplifier enzyme. PLC then concerts membrane phospholipid into DAG (which stays an in the membrane) and IP3 which diffuses into the cytoplasm.
DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates proteins and IP3 causes Ca2+ release from organelles which creates a Ca signal

29
Q

signal transduction using ion channels

A

receptor channels open or close in response to signal molecule binding.
some channels are directly linked to G proteins that when GPCR are activated the channels open.
then there are some channels that open as a response to intracellular second messengers.

30
Q

how does Ca induce a response?

A

Ca is generally pretty low in cells so when it does increase we know that there is an important message.

31
Q

How is Nitric oxide produced and where does it go?

A

NO is produced by endothelial cells (and neurons) and can just diffuse through membranes into smooth muscle and causes vasodilation

32
Q

how is Nitric Oxide (NO) synthesized?

A

by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)

33
Q

What does NO activate?

A

it activates guanylyl cyclase (which takes guanine from GTP) and forms cGMP.

34
Q

What does NO act as?

A

A neurotransmitter an neuro modulator in the brain

35
Q

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

A

Also activates guanylyl cyclase and form cGMP.

it targets smooth muscle and neural tissue

36
Q

Leukotrienes

A

play a role in asthma and anaphylaxis

37
Q

what are some prostanoids

A

prostaglandins
thromboxanes
sphingolipids

38
Q

prostaglandins

A

sleep, inflammation, pain, fever

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) help prevent inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase

39
Q

sphingolipids

A

help regulate inflammation, call adgesion and migration, and cell growth and death.

40
Q

down-regulation

A

decrease in receptor number

41
Q

up-regulation

A

inserts more receptors in cell membrane

42
Q

what are different uses of the word receptor?

A

cell membrane or intracellulsr receptor proteins

sensors which are specialized cells that concert various stimuli into electrical signals

Advanced physiology (8 decks)

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