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Advanced physiology > cardio Chp 14 > Flashcards

cardio Chp 14 Flashcards

1
Q

what divides the left and right halves of the heart?

A

the septum

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2
Q

what does the heart look like at day 25 of an embryo?

A

it is a single tube

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3
Q

how has the heart developed at four weeks of development?

A

the atria and ventricles can be distinguished and the heart begins to twist do that the atria move on top of the ventricles

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4
Q

which structures contain well oxygenated blood?

A

left atrium
left ventricle
pulmonary vein
aorta

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5
Q

which structures contain blood with lower oxygen content?

A

right atrium
right ventricle
venae cavae
pulmonary trunk (artery)

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6
Q

where does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

venae cavae

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7
Q

where does the right atrium send blood to?

A

right ventricle

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8
Q

where does the right ventricle get blood from?

A

right atrium

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9
Q

where does the right ventricle send blood to?

A

the lungs

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10
Q

where does the left atrium receive blood from?

A

pulmonary veins

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11
Q

where does the left atrium send blood to?

A

left ventricle

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12
Q

where does the left ventricle receive blood from?

A

the left atrium

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13
Q

where does the left ventricle send blood to?

A

the body except for the lungs

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14
Q

where does the venae cavae receive blood from?

A

systemic veins

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15
Q

where does the venae cavae send blood to?

A

the right atrium

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16
Q

where does the pulmonary trunk (artery) get its blood from?

A

right ventricle

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17
Q

where does the pulmonary trunk send blood?

A

the lungs

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18
Q

where does the pulmonary vein get it’s blood from?

A

veins of the lungs

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19
Q

where does the pulmonary vein send its blood?

A

left atrium

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20
Q

where does the aorta get its blood from?

A

the left ventricle

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21
Q

where does the aorta send its blood to?

A

systemic

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22
Q

which set of heart vales ensure one way flow?

A

atrioventricular valves

semilunar valves

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23
Q

where are the atrioventricular valves?

A

between the atria and the ventricles

24
Q

which are artioventricular vales?

A 
tricuspid valve on the right side 
bicuspid valve (mitral valve) on the left side
25
Q

where are the semilunar valves?

A

between ventricles and arteries

26
Q

which are semilunar valves?

A

aortic valve

pulmonary valve

27
Q

why do the AV valves stay closed during ventricular contraction?

A

to prevent blood flow backward into the atria

28
Q

what do the semilunar valves prevent?

A

blood that has entered back into the arteries from flowing back into the ventricles during ventricular contraction

29
Q

what causes the semilunar valves to close?

A

pressure

30
Q

pericardium

A

the fluid filled sac that encases the heart. It keeps out potential invaders and reduces friction due to movement of the heart

31
Q

what are the layers of the heart?

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

32
Q

___ is the inner layer of epithelium

A

endocardium

33
Q

___is the middle layer of cardiac muscle

A

myocardium

34
Q

____ is the external membrane

A

epicardium

35
Q

contractile cells

A

striated fibers that are organized into sarcomeres

36
Q

autorhythmic cells are also called

A

pacemakers which work through gap junctions

37
Q

what do autorhythmic cells do?

A

signal for contraction

38
Q

autorhythmic cells are ____ compared to contractile cells

A

smaller and fewer

39
Q

autorhythmic cells do not have

A

organized sarcomeres

40
Q

what is the difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

A

cardiac muscle is smaller and have a single nucleus per fiber
branch and join other cells through intercalated disks
the t-tubules are larger and branch
sarcoplasmic reticulum is smaller
mitochondria occupy 1/3 of cell volume

41
Q

what allows force to be transferred in intercalated disks?

A

desmosomes

42
Q

what provides the electrical connection between intercalated disks

A

gap junctions

43
Q

why is muscle relaxation so important?

A

that is when ventricular filling takes place.

the long refractory period also prevents tetanus

44
Q

in cardiac contraction, the force generated is proportional to:

A

the number of active crossbridges sarcomere length also affects the force of the contraction

45
Q

how do we control strength in cardiac contraction?

A

with calcium

46
Q

how do you produce a stronger contraction?

A

by increasing the number of crossbridges that form and power strokes that take place.

47
Q

what happens when you have too much extracellular K+?

A

you keep depolarizing cells which can lead to ectopic foci and arrhythmias as well as stop the heart

48
Q

what happens when you have extracellular Ca2+?

A

it prolongs the plateau phase and thus increases the time of contraction
increases calcium which increases the strength of contraction force

49
Q

what does verapamil do?

A

it blocks ca influc to reduce contraction force

50
Q

what does digitalis do?

A

it increases intracellular ca thus increasing contraction strength

51
Q

which node sets the pace of the heartbeat at 70bpm?

A

sinoatrial node (SA)

52
Q

what does the atrioventricular node do?

A

it routes the direction of the electrical signals so that the heart contracts from apex to base

53
Q

what causes the first heart sound?

A

vibrations following closure for the AV valves

“lub”

54
Q

what causes the second heart sound?

A

vibrations created by closure of semilunar valve

55
Q

cardiac output:

A

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

56
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output?

A

heart rate (beats per min) X stroke vol (vol ejected per beat)

Advanced physiology (8 decks)

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