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Biology Notes > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

can tolerance limits change?

A

yes, with age

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2
Q

describe tolerance limits

A

Optimum most organisms survive comfortably

Zone of physiological stress more die

Tolerance limit- cannot go past

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3
Q

What do abiotic factors determine

A

Set of conditions an organisms can tolerate.

Wide set of conditions = organisms distributed widely across globe

Narrow tolerance limits= Geographically restricted.

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4
Q

Describe the role of sensory receptors:

A

Detect changes eg thermoreceptors detect temperature changes

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5
Q

Describe the role of effectors:

A

usually muscles or glands that are signalled to respond to a change eg the adrenal gland releases adrenaline

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6
Q

Describe the stimulus-response model

A

Stim-Sens-CON-Eff-RES -negative feedback

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7
Q

Describe negative feedback

A

Inhibits the initial stimulus as the organism reaches closer to achieving homeostasis.

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8
Q

Describe sensory receptors

A

Long dendrite- Short axon.

nerve impulse from the sensory organ to the central nervous system (CNS)

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9
Q

Describe an interneuron

A

nerve impulse within the CNS, relays information from sensory neurons to motor neurons

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10
Q

Describe motor neurons

A

impulse from the CNS to effector (Short dendrite and long axon)

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11
Q

Describe the role of synapses and neurotransmitters.

A

Synapse is where two neurons meet. electrical impulse converts into chemical message through neurotransmitters these diffuse acrose the synapse and bind to receptors on the post synaptic cell. This allows the elctrical (nervous resopnse to continue)

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12
Q

Describe the role and pathway of reflex responses.

A

Reflexes by pass the brain and only go through spinal cord

Involuntary not homeostatic

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13
Q

Describe the diffrences between endocrine and nervous systems:
signal, pathway, speed, effectors, effect, duration of action

A

Signal: Nervous = electrical
Endocrine = hormones
Pathway Nervous = neuron transmission
endocrine = through the blood
Speed nervous=fast
endocrime=slow
Effectors: nervous= muscle or glands
Endocrine= target cells

Effect: nervous= localised
Endocrine= widespread

Duration of action: nervous= Short
Endocrine= Can be long lasting

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14
Q

What is GLUCAGON

A

stimulates the conversion of glycogen into glucose when the blood sugar level is TOO LOW

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15
Q

What is INSULIN

A

stimulates the absorption of glucose from the blood and converts it into glycogen when blood sugar is TOO HIGH

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16
Q

What cells secrete Glucagon and which cells secrete insulin

A

Glucagon is secreted from alpha cells (and bind to liver cells), insulin is secreted from beta cells (which binds to muscle, liver + fat cells)

17
Q

What happens when you have high blood glucose

A

Stimulus-high blood glucose
Receptor- Chemoreceptors on Beta cells in pancreas
Effecter- insulin travels through blood and binds to muscle and liver cells, absorbing glucose to blood.
response- Glucose concentration in the blood decreases

18
Q

What happens when you have low blood glucose

A

Stimulus-low blood glucose
Receptor- Chemoreceptors on alpha cells in pancreas
Effecter- Glucogon travels through blood and binds to muscle and liver cells and break down glycogen into glucose.
Response-Glucose concentration of blood increases.

19
Q

what is the hormonal imbalance in diabetes

A

ineffective insulin/not enough insulin resulting n high blood sugar

20
Q

Describe the role of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the production of thyroxine.

A
  • hypothalamus releases TRH and stimulates pituitary gland
  • Thyroid-stiumlating hormone (TSH) is released from pituitary gland and stimulates thyroid gland
  • thyroid gland releases thyroxine
21
Q

what does thyroxine do

A

Increased thyroxine increases cell metabolism

Invovled in thermoregulation- Increased thyroxine =increased heat

22
Q

DEscribe the role of ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone (anti pissing hormone)

Produced by hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland.

IT binds to nephron in kidney to increase water reabsorption (no piss) or unbinds from nephrons

23
Q

links between osmoregulation, blood volume, and blood pressure

A

High osmolarity = low water volume in blood = low blood pressure

Low osmolarity = high water volume in blood = high blood pressure

24
Q

What happens when your stimulus is low blood pressure/high osmolarity

A

Receptor: osmoreceptor in the hypothalamus
Messenger: Pituitary gland increases ADH release
Effector: ADH bind to nephron, increases water reabsorption
Response: Increase water volume=decrease osmolarity increase blood pressure

25
Q

What happens when your stimulus is HIgh blood pressure/low osmolarity

A

Receptor: osmoreceptor in the hypothalamus
Messenger: Pituitary gland decrease ADH release
Effector: nephron, decreases water reabsorption
Response: decrease water volume=increase osmolarity decrease blood pressure

Biology Notes (10 decks)

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