EVO Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

A gene pool comprises all the genetic information in an interbreeding population.

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2
Q

What are the four sources of genetic variation

A

mutation
random fertilization
independent assortment (miosis)
crossing over (miosis)

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3
Q

describe how natural selection leads to speciation

A

The population is separated due to a barrier (e.g. geographical). That means no gene flow between populations. The populations experience different selection pressures. Increase the frequency in favourable alleles. This leads to specialization because the populations are unable to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

Geographical barrier separates a population and stops the gene flow, leading to speciation.

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5
Q

What is sympatric speciation

A

Sympatric speciation occurs when there is no geographical isolation but gene flow is still prevented leading to reproductive isolation.

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6
Q

How do you define a species

A

The members of the species can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

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7
Q

What are the three methods of defining a species.

A

· morphological similarity
· biochemical similarity
· sharing a common gene pool.

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8
Q

What is morphological similarity?

A

Comparing physical structures or homologous features.

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9
Q

What is DNA hybridization

A
  • DNA of different species are extracted and heated (together), breaking
  • The mixture is combined to allow DNA to recombine with that of the other species
  • The hybrid DNA is reheated. The higher the melting point, the closer the relation of the species
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10
Q

How is DNA sequencing used to determine if individuals are from the same species

A

The closer the sequence of bases (A, T, C, G), the closer related the species

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11
Q

What is divergent evolution

A

Where species come from a common a ancestor but evolved to become different

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12
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

Where species developed similar features due to facing similar selection pressures without having a common ancestor.

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13
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

Organisms diversify rapidly from ancestral species into new forms due to selection pressures. (bird example)

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14
Q

Describe temporal isolation as a pre-zygotic factor of reproductive isolation

A

The breeding cycle doesn’t overlap due to factors such as time

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15
Q

Describe behavioral isolation as a pre-zygotic factor of reproductive isolation.

A

Differences in mating calls or rituals/ not attracted to each other. Their behavior is not compatible.

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16
Q

Describe mechanical isolation as a pre-zygotic factor of reproductive isolation

A

incompatible sexual organs (duck genitals)

17
Q

Describe gamete isolation as a pre-zygotic factor of reproductive isolation

A

sperm and egg can not fuse

18
Q

Describe hybrid inviability as a post-zygotic factor of reproductive isolation.

A

The zygote will not survive till reproductive age.

19
Q

Describe hybrid sterility as a post-zygotic factor of reproductive isolation.

A

The offspring is infertile.

20
Q

Describe primary succession

A

When a new environment is colonised

21
Q

Describe secondary succession

A

When an environment is recolonized e.g. after a fire or flood