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PRELIM - Physiology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Osmosis is a form of:

  • Passive transport
  • Active transport
A

Passive transport

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2
Q

Which is transported in osmosis?

  • Ions
  • Protein
  • Water
A

Water

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3
Q

Serve as receptors, channels, enzymes, and pumps in the cell membrane:

  • Water
  • Protein
  • Glycocalyx
A

Protein

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4
Q

What happens to the cell in a hypotonic solution?

  • It shrinks.
  • It swells.
  • Nothing.
A

It swells.

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5
Q

What happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution?

  • It shrinks.
  • It swells.
  • Nothing.
A

It shrinks.

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6
Q

Nerve and muscle cells depend on this potential prior to transmission of information:

  • Action potential
  • Resting membrane potential
A

Action potential

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7
Q

Charged particles (positive or negative) are able to pass the cell membrane easily.

  • True
  • False
A

False

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8
Q

Lipid-soluble substances are able to pass the cell membrane easily.

  • True
  • False
A

True

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9
Q

Ions with negative charges:

  • Anions
  • Cations
A

Anions

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10
Q

Which ion is greater intracellularly in a resting state?

  • Potassium
  • Sodium
A

Potassium

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11
Q

Which condition/s contribute to the negative potential inside the cell?

  • Presence of negatively charged proteins inside the cell.
  • Leaky potassium channels allowing potassium to leave the cell.
  • Sodium-potassium pump causing 3 sodium ions to enter the cell and 2 potassium ions to exit the cell
  • A and B
  • A, B, and C
A

A, B, and C

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12
Q

In depolarization, ___ channels open.

  • Sodium
  • Potassium
A

Sodium

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13
Q

In repolarization, ___ channels open.

  • Sodium
  • Potassium
A

Potassium

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14
Q

During depolarization the membrane potential becomes:

  • Positive
  • Negative
A

Positive

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15
Q

During repolarization, the membrane potential becomes:

  • Positive
  • Negative
A

Negative

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16
Q

Describe the membrane potential during depolarization. It becomes:

  • Less negative to positive.
  • Positive to negative.
A

Less negative to positive.

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17
Q

What is the direction of movement of potassium ions when potassium channels open? These ___ the cell.

  • Exit
  • Enter
A

Exit

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18
Q

Which best describes hyperpolarization?

  • The membrane potential becomes more negative due to an excess of potassium leaving the cell.
  • The membrane potential becomes more negative due to an excess of sodium leaving the cell.
A

The membrane potential becomes more negative due to an excess of potassium leaving the cell.

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19
Q

Which best describes the receptor in a feedback mechanism?

  • Sends information from the control/integrating center to the effector.
  • Is responsible for the change in stimulus.
  • Detects the change in stimulus.
A

Detects the change in stimulus.

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20
Q

Which best describes the stimulus in a feedback mechanism?

  • Interprets the meaning of the stimulus.
  • Represents a change in the variable.
  • Detects the change in stimulus.
A

Represents a change in the variable.

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21
Q

Which best describes the effector in a feedback mechanism?

  • Detects the change in stimulus.
  • Executes the output as the response.
  • Interprets the meaning of the stimulus and decides the output.
A

Executes the output as the response.

22
Q

Which best describes the control/integrating center in a feedback mechanism?

  • Executes the output as the response.
  • Interprets the meaning of the stimulus and decides the output.
  • Detects the change in stimulus.
A

Interprets the meaning of the stimulus and decides the output.

23
Q

The most common feedback mechanism in maintaining homeostasis is ___.

  • Negative
  • Positive
A

Negative

24
Q

Input in a feedback mechanism refers to the:

  • Transmission along sensory fibers from the receptor to the control center.
  • Information from the receptors.
  • A and B
A

A and B

25
Q

Output and input in a feedback mechanism are:

  • Signals or information transmitted through action potentials.
  • From the control/integrating center.
  • From the receptor.
A

Signals or information transmitted through action potentials.

26
Q

Semi-permeable membrane:

  • Means that the membrane is selective in allowing substances to pass; some may, some may not.
  • Is due to the composition of the membrane being a phospholipid bilayer.
  • A and B
A

A and B

27
Q

All forms of cellular transport occur in the:

  • Cytoplasm.
  • Cell membrane.
  • Nucleus.
A

Cell membrane.

28
Q

Diffusion:

  • Is a form of passive transport.
  • Does not require energy.
  • Occurs if there is a difference in concentration gradient.
  • A, B, and C
A

A, B, and C

29
Q

Facilitated diffusion:

  • Allows charged particles such as ions to pass the membrane.
  • Needs energy.
  • Needs channels or carrier proteins.
  • A and C
  • A, B, and C
A

A, B, and C

30
Q

Osmosis:

  • Is the diffusion of water.
  • Needs energy.
  • Needs enzymes.
  • A, B, and C
A

Is the diffusion of water.

31
Q

Active transport:

  • Needs energy in the form of ATP.
  • Needs protein such as a pump.
  • Refers to the movement of substances from a higher to a lower concentration gradient.
  • A and B
  • A, B, and C
A

A and B

32
Q

Describe/s the Na-K pump in the cell membrane:

  • Allows 3 Na ions to exit while 2 K ions enter.
  • Needs energy in the form of ATP.
  • Important to maintain the resting membrane potential (RMP).
  • A, B, and C
A

A, B, and C

33
Q

Bulk transport:

  • Includes phagocytosis, pinocytosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
  • Needs energy.
  • Refers to the movement of bigger substances.
  • A, B, and C
A

A, B, and C

34
Q

Describes the resting membrane potential (RMP):

  • The potential inside the cell is negative while outside the cell is positive.
  • Required for action potentials to develop.
  • A and B
A

A and B

35
Q

The resting membrane potential (RMP) is maintained by:

  • Large, negatively-charged proteins inside the cell
  • The Na-K pump
  • Leaky potassium channels
  • A, B, and C
A

The Na-K pump

36
Q

In a resting membrane potential:

  • Na is greater extracellularly
  • K is greater intracellularly
  • A and B
A

A and B

37
Q

Negative 70 mv or -70 mv refers to the:

  • Action potential
  • Depolarization
  • Resting membrane potential
  • B and C
A

Resting membrane potential

38
Q

Which of the following statement best describe the cell membrane?

  • Oxygen, carbon dioxide and steroid hormones can easily cross the cell membrane because of the hydrophilic lipid by layer.
  • Glycocalyx is an external coat of the cell that prevents the antibody from destroying the cell.
  • The cell membrane is an organize structure such that the hydrophobic surface sandwich the hydrophilic end.
  • The cell membrane allows the entry of the all substances hence it is called a semi-permeable membrane.
  • All of the above
A

Glycocalyx is an external coat of the cell that prevents the antibody from destroying the cell.

39
Q

Which of the following is true?

  • Afferent is the transmission of action potential coming from the integrating center to the effector organ.
  • Efferent is the transmission of action potential receptor to the integrating center.
  • Receptor is the increase or decrease change of the variable.
  • Variable conditions that control homeostasis.
  • All of the above
A

Variable conditions that control homeostasis.

40
Q

Which of the following best describe resting membrane potential?

  • The concentration of potassium is greater outside the cell due to its continuous passage thru the Na-K pump.
  • Proteins inside the cell maintains a positively charged environment.
  • The greater number of sodium channel compared to potassium channel help maintain balance of the cell.
  • The exit of a cation contributes to the negativity inside the cell.
  • All of the above
A

The exit of a cation contributes to the negativity inside the cell.

41
Q

The negative feedback mechanism:

  • Promotes change in the controlled condition.
  • Output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity.
  • Prevents subtle changes in the body.
  • Best exemplified by clotting mechanism.
  • All of the above
A

Output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity.

42
Q

The action of this mechanism is to continually reinforce a change in the controlled condition:

  • Positive feedback
  • Negative feed back
  • Resting membrane potential
  • Action potential
  • None of the above
A

Positive feedback

43
Q

The total body fluid is 60%. 40% is extracellular and 20% intracellular:

  • First statement is true, and the second statement is false.
  • First statement is false, and the second statement is true.
  • Both statement is true.
  • Both statement is false.
A

First statement is true, and the second statement is false.

44
Q

Blood pressure is independent on body fluid volume as well as body fluid composition. If body fluid volume is low, the person becomes hypotensive.

  • First statement is true, and the second statement is false.
  • First statement is false, and the second statement is true.
  • Both statement is true.
  • Both statement is false.
A

First statement is false, and the second statement is true.

45
Q

Potassium is one of the ions present in your body fluid. It is predominantly found inside the cell.

  • First statement is true, and the second statement is false.
  • First statement is false, and the second statement is true.
  • Both statement is true.
  • Both statement is false.
A

Both statement is true.

46
Q

Receptor proteins allows the cell to attach to other cell or the extracellular molecules AND it binds to the signals which triggers cellular response:

  • First statement is true, and the second statement is false.
  • First statement is false, and the second statement is true.
  • Both statement is true.
  • Both statement is false.
A

First statement is false, and the second statement is true.

47
Q

The nucleus of the cells is the one who controls the cellular structure AND it also directs cellular activities to maintain homeostasis.

  • First statement is true, and the second statement is false.
  • First statement is false, and the second statement is true.
  • Both statement is true.
  • Both statement is false.
A

Both statement is true.

48
Q

Excitation of the cell:

  • Opening of sodium channels allows large volume of electrical charges to flow from the interior to the exterior of the post synaptic cell.
  • Decrease conduction of chloride ions going outside the cell and potassium ions going inside the cell.
  • Different changes in the internal metabolism of the postsynaptic neuron cause to excite the cell.
  • The inside of the cell becomes more negative than normal.
  • All of the above
A

Different changes in the internal metabolism of the postsynaptic neuron cause to excite the cell.

49
Q

Which of the following is true?

  • Resting Neuron at 65 millivolts
  • Inhibited Neuron at -70 millivolts
  • Excited state at -65 millivolts
  • All of the above
A

Inhibited Neuron at -70 millivolts

50
Q

Excitation of the post-synaptic membrane:

  • Action potentials generated at the presynaptic membrane opens the sodium channels.
  • Voltage gated calcium channel opens increasing its permeability to calcium.
  • The neurotransmitter released at the synaptic cleft by endocytosis.
  • Action potential will not be generated despite reaching the threshold.
  • None of the above
A

Voltage gated calcium channel opens increasing its permeability to calcium.

51
Q

The threshold for neuron excitation:

  • 45 millivolts excites the cell
  • 20 millivolts more positive than normal
  • Both statement are true
  • Both statement are false
A

20 millivolts more positive than normal

52
Q

Which statement is correct?

  • A neuron in the excited state is more negative due to sodium ion influx.
  • A neuron in the inhibited states is controlled by potassium ion efflux.
  • Chloride ion influx makes the cell more excitable.
  • Activation of receptor enzymes do not contribute in the generation or inhibition of action potentials.
  • All of the above.
A

A neuron in the inhibited states is controlled by potassium ion efflux.

PRELIM - Physiology (4 decks)

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