Home Study Flashcards
Paraffin Bath is a type of _______
conduction
Paraffin machine is kept at a higher temperature of ______ due to ____ specific heat
125-127F; lower
What is the total duration of paraffin wax?
20-30 minutes
The depth of penetration of paraffin wax is less than ___
1cm
Paraffin is most commonly used for what demographics?
- Distal extremities
- Arthritic hands and feet
- Healed burns (scar tissue)
If using paraffin therapeutically, when would you use it during a treatment?
prior to stretching
Specific contraindications of paraffin bath includes
- Infection
- Open Wound
- New Skin Graft
Specific precautions of paraffin bath include
- Remove all jewelry
2. No movement is allowed or burn can occur from cracked wax
What is the main physiologic response of paraffin bath?
Integument: retains moisture and softens the skin
The proper procedure for doing paraffin wax is to dip, remove and allow to harden. The first dip is always the _____
deepest
How many dips of paraffin wax do you do?
8-10 dips
What do you wrap around paraffin treatment for insulation?
a plastic wrap and towels
Fluidotherapy is a type of _____
convection (dry heat)
What is fluidotherapy?
fine cellulose particles through which heated air is blown
Fluidotherapy has ___ specific heat than water, which means the treatment temp is ____ to ____
less; 105F to 125F
The depth of penetration of fluidotherapy is less than
1cm
What is the treatment duration of fluidotherapy?
20 minutes
In fluidotherapy, the moving particles eliminate the _____
temperature gradient
What are the unique things about fluidotherapy?
- Can exercise during rx
- Can eliminate gravity
- Only distal body parts
- Provides desensitization
Vapocoolant spray is a type of _____ and _____
conduction; evaporation
Vapocoolant spray provides a _____ effect
sensory
What is vapocoolant spray made of?
Ethyl chloride or fluori-methane
With vapocoolant spray, you may ____ the ROM when stretch is applied
increase
What 2 things should you be cautious of with vapocoolant spray?
- The eyes
2. The US sound head
Vapocoolant spray stimulates ___ fibers involved in what theory?
A; Gate Control Theory
Vapocoolant spray ____ pain/spasm cycle
decreases
Vapocoolant spray creates cold which inhibits what?
mm spindle activation
What are 3 common clinical applications of using vapocoolant spray?
- Torticollis
- Muscle Spasms
- Myofascial trigger points
How many times do you spray?
2-4 times
You should spray at a ____ angle to the skin and spray from ____ to ____
acute; origin to insertion
You should apply a slight ___ on the muscle before spraying it
stretch
You should avoid ____ of the skin when using spray
frosting
What does contrast bath cause?
alternate constriction and dilation of local blood vessels
What are common reasons to use contrast baths?
- Subacute swelling
2. DOMS
Contrast baths stimulate _____ and _____
blood flow; healing
The warm bath should be between _____F and the cold bath should be between ____F
104-106; 50-60
For contrast baths, you should immerse in a warm bath/cold bath for a _:1 or a _:1 ratio
3:1 or 4:1
During a contrast bath, you should encourage what?
ROM
The dosage for contrast baths are not well researched, however, you should aim for ____ minutes or ___ cycles
20-30 min; 4-5 cycles
With contrast baths, you should end with warm or cold depending on what?
injury status
Diathermy provides heat by ____
conversion
Diathermy causes the heat in the body tissues to raise due to ____ of the tissue to the passage of energy
resistance
There are 2 types of diathermy modalities, _____ and ____
microwave and shortwave
Diathermy is most commonly used where?
Skilled Nursing Facilities
When using SWD, the frequency is usually around ___MHz and wavelength at ___m
27; 11
The delivery types of heating mechanisms of SWD can be ______(CSWD), _____(PSWD) and ____ period
continuous current
pulsed current
off period/ on period
Off period ____ on period to prevent accrual of heat
> or equal to
The production of heat in SWD uses either ____ field or ____ field
condenser; induction
A condenser field is ____ while an induction field is ____
electric; magnetic
Condenser / Electric Field uses the patient’s body tissues as the _____ b/w the 2 conduction surfaces
dielectric
The tissues are influenced in SWD by an _____ electric field
oscillating
Heat is produced by _____ and _____ of molecules of tissues in SWD
vibration; distortion
Heat is the strongest where the density of the field is ____, aka, near the electrodes
greatest
The ___ spaced plates use a condenser field
air
The condenser method always uses ___ drums
2
The induction/magnetic field method places the patient in the em field of electrodes so the current is induced in the ____ tissues
conductive
In induction/magnetic field method, the heating is primarily in the ____ mm’s
superficial
Deeper mm’s are heated by conduction of heat for ____ tissues in induction/magnetic field method
overlying
The inductive method uses __ drum(s)
1
Oscillating magnetic field in the applicator induces oscillating ____ currents
“eddy”
Inductor/magnetic method is better for targeting ____ areas
smaller
The greatest density of eddy current activity occurs in ___ impedance tissues (also containing the ___ electrolyte content, such as skeletal muscle and blood)
low; highest
The condenser field places the patient in the actual _____
electrical circuit
The induction field places the patient in the ____ produced by the equipment
electromagnetic field
CSWD provides thermal heat into the _____ and the effects of this are similar to other forms of therapeutic heat
tissues
Why should you use CSWD in a patient? (6)
- increased extensibility of deep collagen tissues
- decreases joint stiffness
- relieves deep pain/mm spasms
- increases blood flow
- heats deep tissues
- heats large areas
What are the advantages of using SWD?
- Heats deeper tissues
2. Heats larger areas
What are the disadvantages of using SWD?
- Costly
- Unable to measure the actual amount of EM energy transferred to the patient’s tissues
- Decreased selective heating
SWD indications include subacute and chronic traumatic or inflammatory conditions of ________ and mm’s, as well as before ____
superficial joints; stretching
What are the contraindications for SWD?
- Metal implants
- pacemakers
- very old/young
- Epiphyseal growth plates not yet closed
- Hemorrhaging/active bleeding menustration
- Acute inflammation
- Space occupying lesions (nucleus pulposis)
- Cancer
- Anesthetic skin
- Ischemic tissue
- Cardiac insufficiency
- Fever/infection
- Pregnancy
- Joints/organs containing increased fluid level
What are the SWD precautions?
- Ischemic areas
- Open wounds or moist dressing
- Uneven spacing or pressure of electrodes
- Perspiration
- Electronic or magnetic equipment in area
- Impaired sensation
- Obesity (subcutaneous fat)
Whirlpools can be ____ or ____
thermotherapy; cryotherapy
Whirlpools are stainless steel so that they can be better cleaned and prevent ____
infection
The method of heat transfer in whirlpools are either _____ or ____
conduction; convection (once turbine is on)
Whirlpools are advantageous for allowing the patient to ____ during treatment
exercise
Whirlpools are disadvantageous because the segment is ____, it is a _____ intervention and there is no ____ to support its use
- dependent
- costly
- research
A Burn Tank is ____ and requires a lift to transfer the patient
larger
A Hubbard Tank is ___ shaped and designed for ___ body immersion with __ turbines
butterfly
full
two
Hubbard Tanks have almost too _____ dosing which can contribute to issues with large ____ effects
generalized; systemic
The turbine is the electrical motor pump which creates the agitation. Agitation is regulated by adjusting the ___ of ejected water and the amount of _____ of the water
force; aeration
APTA Choosing Wisely campain #5 says
do not use whirlpools for wound management
Whirlpools can damage the fragile _____ tissues from agitating water
healing
There is a risk of ____ with extremity in a dependent position in a whirlpool
edema
The farther to the right on the EM spectrum, the ____ the wavelengths
shorter
What are the 3 main bands of the UV spectrum?
UV-A, UV-B and UV-C
Which type of UV causes skin damage?
UV-B
UV-A is near the ____ spectrum
visible light
UV-B is the middle and ____ spectrum and used for treating ____ conditions
sunburn; skin
UV-C is ___ wave or far UV and is considered ______
short; bactericidal
UV-C cannot come from what?
sunlight
Clinically, UV light can be _____, _____ or ____
reflected; absorbed; transmitted
UV is only absorbed in the _____ and does not go any deeper, hence why it does not ____
epidermis; refract
UV does NOT produce any ____ benefits, only chemical changes in the epidermal cells
thermal
Short term effects of UV therapy include
inflammation
erythema
pigmentation
hyperplasia
Long term effects of UV therapy include
premature aging
skin cancer
What can occur with UV and the eyes?
photokeratitis
UV energy is absorbed by the proteins in the ____ cell layer of the epidermis
prickle
_____ reactions lead to damage
photochemical
____ and other substances release and cause vaso___ which increases the capillary _____ and begins several hours after UV exposure (inflammation)
histamine; dilation; permeability
Despite not being immediately evident, this is a common sign of inflammation after using UV
erythema
Excessive dosage of UV can lead to ____ and ___ damage
blistering; tissue
Before giving a UV treatment, you need to quantify their photosensitivity first by testing their ______ (MED)
minimal erythemal dosage
One MED = the ____ dose/time of exposure that produces ____ erythema appearing within ___ hours following exposure and disappearing within ____ hours
shortest
minimal
1-6
24
1st degree erythema exhibits a faint ____ and occurs after a latent period of __+ hrs.
reddening; 2
1st degree erythema persists ___ hrs and is caused by being exposed ___x as long as MED skin
48; 2.5
2nd degree erythema exhibits a mild ____-like reaction and is visible __ hours after exposure
sunburn
2
2nd degree erythema may be a little painful and can persist from ___ to ___ hours, since it is exposed ___x as long as MED skin
48-72
5x
3rd degree erythema resembles an intense reaction similar to a ______
sunburn
3rd degree erythema takes greater than ___ hours to subside and shows intense reddening after ___ hr to exposure
72; 1
3rd degree erythema is considered ____ because the skin ___ and pigmentation ____
destructive; peels; remains
Repeated irradiation at certain levels causes _____ish coloration of the skin due to the deposition of ____ granules
brownish; melanin
Melanin granules migrate from ____ layers to ____ layers of the skin
deep to superficial
The role of pigmentation for therapeutic purposes is ____, since melanin is a biologic filter of UV
protective
With pigmentation and tanning, repeated overdoses cause cause hyper____ and hyper____
hyperkeratosis; hyperpigmentation
With UV therapy, there is a potential for degeneration and possible pre-___ changes
cancerous
UV-C light in the ___nm-___nm range such as cold quartz is 90% effective in killing or controlling certain bacterias such as pseudomonas, however, does NOT effectively destroy the ___forms of bacterial organisms. Just the active forms (repeated Rx is needed)
254-265; spores
Indications of using UV therapy include (3)
- Psoriasis
- Eczema
- Pressure Sores
Factors that influence UV light sensitivity includes ___ texture, ____ and ___ color
skin; age; skin
Skin texture ____ decreases UV sensitivity
thickness
Very young and very old individuals are more ____ to UV light therapy
sensitive
Fair skin is more ____ to UV light therapy
sensitive
Additional factors that influence UV sensitivity include the _____ being treated, ____ being used, and _____ agents
body part
drugs
antibacterial; microbial
_____ ointment and ____ are used therapeutically for the treatment of psoriasis
coal tar; psoralens
Applying UV to skin for ____ healing, ___ conditions and _____ effects is one of the oldest medical modalities, however, is used infrequently now
wound
skin
photochemical
UV dosage
1 MED = shortest dose/time of exposure that produces the most minimal erythema appearing within 1-6 hours following exposure and disappearing within 24 hours
When doing a MED Sleeve Test, what do you need to keep in mind?
position and test surface
eye protection
sleeve preparation
when doing a sleeve test procedure, position the lamp over the area to be exposed and do 1” for ___ quartz and 30” for ___ quarts
cold; hot
What are contraindications for using UV light therapy?
Acute:
generalized dermatitis
eczema
psoriasis
Lupus erythematosus Herpes simplex Hyperthyroidism/diabetes Severe itching Freckles/moles Photosensitizing drugs Fever X-ray therapy Pellagra Xeroderma
Pellagra is a deficiency of ____ and ____ in the diet characterized by skin eruptions
niacin; protein
Xeroderma is excessive or abnormal ____ of the skin
dryness
What are the precautions of using UV light therapy?
Eyes Skin overdose Delicate skin areas Photosensitizing agents/meds Hx of skin cancer General Therapist Protection Home Rx NOT reccomended
How long does one MED usually take?
30 seconds
