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PT 6221: Therapeutic Procedures > Heat & Cold Physics > Flashcards

Heat & Cold Physics Flashcards

1
Q

5 things physical therapists and patients should question

A
  1. Don’t use (superficial or deep) heat to obtain clinically important long term outcomes in musculoskeletal conditions
  2. Don’t prescribe under-dosed strength training programs for older adults. Instead, match the frequency, intensity and duration of exercise to the individual’s abilities and goals
  3. Don’t recommend bed rest following diagnosis of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after the initiation of anti-coagulation therapy unless significant medical concerns are present
  4. Don’t use continuous passive motion machines for the postoperative management of patients following uncomplicated total knee replacement
  5. Don’t use whirlpools for wound management
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2
Q

Types of Spectra

A

spectra = bands of energy

  1. electromagnetic spectrum
  2. acoustic spectrum
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3
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

emit energy with wavelengths & frequencies; electromagnetic radiation, radiant energy and diathermies

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4
Q

Acoustic Spectrum

A

Subset of radiant energy, but sound vs. electromagnetic

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5
Q

Acoustic energy travels at ____ velocities

A

lower

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6
Q

Acoustic energy is more effectively transmitted through ____ tissue vs. electromagentic energy

A

dense

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7
Q

Acoustic energy is ____ penetration vs. electromagnetic energy

A

deeper

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8
Q

Radiant energy

A

process by which energy in various forms travels through space; ROYGBIV

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9
Q

Radiant energy is at a _____ temperature and thus a _____ activity

A

higher; greater

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10
Q

What are the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A
  1. Visible Spectrum
  2. Invisible Spectrum
    a. Infrared
    b. Ultraviolet
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11
Q

Infrared is located beyond the visible ____ and produces ____, which means it penetrates the skin ___

A

red; heat; 1cm

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12
Q

Ultraviolet is located beyond the visible ____ and produces ____ changes, which means it is very _____ and only penetrates 1-2mm.

A

violet; chemicals; superficial

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13
Q

Electromagnetic Radiations are produced when sufficiently intense ____ or ____ forces are applied to any material

A

electrical; chemical

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14
Q

Radiant energy may be _____, _____, _____ or _____ depending upon the medium they strike (especially in tissues)

A

reflected, refracted, absorbed, transmitted

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15
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance b/w peak of one wave and peak of preceding or succeeding wave

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16
Q

Frequency

A

Number of wave oscillations occurring in 1 sec (hz)

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17
Q

Velocity is equal to

A

Wavelength x Frequency

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18
Q

Longer wavelengths produce

A

lower frequencies

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19
Q

Shorter wavelengths produce

A

higher frequencies

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20
Q

Radiant Modalities

A

purpose is to stimulate a specific body tissue to perform its normal function

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21
Q

What are the various Radiant Modalities?

DULUI(th)

A
  1. Diathermies (microwave/shortwave)
  2. Infrared (cold packs, whirlpool, paraffin, moist heat)
  3. Ultraviolet
  4. Laser
  5. Ultrasound
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22
Q

Effects of Media (in what 4 ways can energy travel?)

A
  1. Reflection
  2. Absorption
  3. Refraction
  4. Penetration
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23
Q

Which media produces the longest wavelengths, greatest depth regardless of frequency?

A

Penetration

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24
Q

Reflection strikes the surface of skin and _______. It produces _____ physiological response and the ___ reflected depends upon frequency

A

bounces off; NO; %

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25
Q

The 2 Absorption Principles/Laws

A
  1. Arndt-Schultz Principle

2. Law of Grotthuss-Draper

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26
Q

What does the Arndt-Schultz Principle state?

A

No reactions or changes can occur in the body tissues if the amt of energy absorbed is insufficient to stimulate the absorbing tissues

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27
Q

What does the Law of Grotthuss-Draper state?

A

Energy that is NOT absorbed will penetrate to deeper tissue layer

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28
Q

Refraction occurs at

A

tissue interfaces

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29
Q

Penetration has no

A

reflection, refraction or absorption

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30
Q

What are 3 additional laws related to heat & cold physics besides Draper and Arndt?

A
  1. Cosine Law
  2. Inverse Square Law
  3. Bunsen Roscoe Law of Reciprocity
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31
Q

What does the cosine law state? What modalities is it delivered through?

A
  • The smaller the angle b/w the energy source and 90 dg, the less reflected. This is why the sun is most intense at noon because it’s almost perpendicular
  • The air; diathermies, UV, infrared heat
32
Q

What does the inverse square law state?

hint: intensity varies inversely with the ____ of the distance from what?

A

Intensity varies INVERSELY with the square of the distance from the source

Diathermy, radiation & UV

I = 1/D^2

33
Q

What does the Bunsen Roscoe Law of reciprocity state?

A

Intensity and duration of the dose of radiant energy are INVERSELY proportional; the pizza example

Energy = Intensity x Time

34
Q

What are the categories of thermal modalities?

A
  1. Heat (thermotherapy)
    a. superficial
    b. deep
  2. Cold (cryotherapy)
35
Q

Local Application

A

requires a specific modality; specific area of treatment such as ultrasound or ice cup massage

36
Q

General Application

A

Larger, non-specific treatment such as whirlpool, hot pack, ice pack. Helpful for dx of non-specific LBP

37
Q

Local Reaction

A

physiological changes ocurring at the site of local application

38
Q

Systemic Reaction

A

physiologic changes occurring in the various systems of the body such as an increase in the circulatory system

39
Q

Specific Dosage

A

Precise treatment factors based on INJURY and TARGET TISSUES, such as E-stim

40
Q

General Dosage

A

the effect the modality has on the patient (hotpacks, coldpacks); can’t really set parameters but CAN change temperature

41
Q

The 4 dosage reactions of tissues

MMVC

A
  1. Mild
  2. Moderate
  3. Vigorous
  4. Critical Cooling
42
Q

Mild change in tissue temp provides what?

A

sensation benefit

43
Q

Moderate change in tissue temp

A

TT increased to 100-105F; slight increase in blood flow

44
Q

Vigorous change in tissue temp

A

TT increased to 106-113F (max) significant heating with marked increase in blood flow (RISK OF BURNS!)

45
Q

Critical Cooling change in tissue temp

A

TT drops to 32-50 degrees

46
Q

50 degrees F has the greatest amount of ______ and 32 degrees F has the greatest amount of _____

A

vasoconstriction; vasodilation

47
Q

Changes in firing of thermal sensory neurons depend on (3)

A
  1. type of receptors
  2. type of stimulus (heat, cold, pain)
  3. surface area
48
Q

Considerations of specific dosages

A
  1. Parameters of treatment (intensity, duration, frequency - how often)
  2. Specific absorption rate of tissues
49
Q

Thermal energy =

A

kinetic energy

50
Q

Heat =

A

molecular motion in matter

51
Q

1st law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot what?

A

energy CANNOT be lost, but can be transformed from one form to another

52
Q

4 methods of heat transfer (RCCC)

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Conduction
  3. Convection
  4. Conversion
53
Q

Radiation is energy transmitted from _____ to ______ source through a conducting medium

A

WARMER to COOLER

54
Q

Conduction is

A

heat transfer through DIRECT CONTACT with a cold or heat source

55
Q

Convection is

A

particles of air or water moving across tissue to create a TEMPERATURE GRADIENT

56
Q

Conversion is

A

changing from ONE energy form into ANOTHER

57
Q

What is an example of radiation?

A

ultraviolet light from the sun

58
Q

What is an example of conduction?

A

A non-moving hot tub/whirlpool

59
Q

What is an example of convection?

A

A moving hot tub/whirlpool, sprinklers during a marathon to help cool down runners

60
Q

What is an example of conversion?

A

ultrasound, diathermy

61
Q

Density is the ___ of a substance per unit ____

A

mass; volume

62
Q

Thermal expansion is the change in _____ of a substance related to _____

A

density; temperature

63
Q

Quantity (Q) of heat =

A

the amt of energy required to increase/decrease molecular motion enough to change temperature

64
Q

Q = ___ x ____ x ____

A

S x Mass x Temp; expressed in calories; s is specific heat capacity of a substance

65
Q

Specific Heat Capacity (S) is

A

the specific heat input required to raise the temp of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree celsius

66
Q

S is influenced by (2)

A
  1. Starting temp of substance

2. Type of fluid intermolecular bonds

67
Q

S for water

A

1 cal/g x Cdeg

68
Q

S for paraffin wax

A

0.65 cal/g x Cdeg

69
Q

At any given temperature, paraffin contains ___ heat than water

A

less

70
Q

Thermal conductivity is

A

the ability of a particular substance to conduct heat

71
Q

Conductors permit the free movement of

A

heat

72
Q

Insulators restrict the free movement of

A

heat

73
Q

Homeotherm is

A

the constant core temp largely independent of the surroundings

74
Q

Core temperature

A

98.6 F

75
Q

Shell

A

decreases as move distally; subcutaneous 1-2F higher than skin

76
Q

Heat Loss (5)

A
  1. Conduction (core to shell)
  2. Convection (blood flow)
  3. Radiation (warm body to cooler environment)
  4. Evaporation (sweat & respiration)
  5. Ambient Air Flow (conduction/convection due to wind flow)
77
Q

Heat Gain rise of tissue temps depends on (3)

A
  1. Ability of modality to GIVE heat to body
  2. Physical properties of tissues
  3. Integrity and response of body systems

PT 6221: Therapeutic Procedures (7 decks)

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