Hock Reading 4:1

Question 1

The pygmalion effect refers to______?

Answer 1

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurring in natural interpersonal settings

and/or

A self-fulfilling prophecy where if you expect if someone to succeed they are more likely to do so than if you dont expect them to succeed.

Question 2

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 2

if we expect something to happen a certain way that expectation will tend to make it so

Question 3

What was “Clever Hans” 1911

Answer 3

It was the first case that brought the question of self-fulfilling prophecy in scientific research to psychologists.

Clever Hans was a horse owned by Wilhelm van Osten. Clever Hans was known for reading, spelling, and solving math problems.

What was thought to be strange and intriguing intelligence– by the horse to solve these math problems turned out to be Hans ability to observe subtle movements from von Osten.

Audience members would raise their heads in shock as the horse got close to the correct answer and in return the horse would stop its hoofbeats.

Hans was conditioned to use subtle movements from the observers as signs to stop stomping, and this usually resulted in the correct answer to the question.

Question 4

What did the Clever Hans findings point out?

Answer 4

Observers often have specific expectations or biases that may cause them to telegraph unintentional signals to the participant being studied.

These signals might then cause the participant to to respond in ways that are consistent with the observers biases and consequently confirm their expectations.

Question 5

Experimenter Expectancy Effect

Answer 5

An experimenter may think a certain behavior results from their scientific treatment of one participant or a group of participants compared with another.

Sometimes though this behavior could result from the observers own biased expectations. If this occurs the experiment=invalid

Question 6

Rosenthal suspected that when an elementary school teacher is provided with _____ that creates ______(2words)____ about the students’ potential (high or low), the teacher might ______ behave in ways that might suddenly encourage or facilitate the performance of the students expected _____ likely to succeed.

Answer 6

1. information
2. certain expectancies
3. unknowingly
4. more

Question 7

What was Rosenthal and Jacobsons experiment? and What were the results?

Answer 7

Oak School elementary school students grade 1-6 were given an intelligence test called
TOGA (Tests of General Ability)
Test chosen bc nonverbal and didn’t depend on school learned skills.
Teachers were told students were given the “Harvard Test of of Inflicted Acquisition.” They were further informed that the test was designed to predict academic sprouting (also not true)

Teachers received a list of 10 students whom they were told scored the highest (not true, randomized group of students with same average as the non 10 kids), only difference was that the 10 kids on the list were highlighted in the teachers minds.

Students were given the same test at the end of the year and the results for the entire school were: children whom teachers expected greater intellectual growth averaged significantly greater improvement than did the control children.

The most effect was shown on 1rst and second graders.

Question 8

What are Rosenthal and Jacobsons 4 reasonings as to why earlier years showed greater improvement than later years?

Answer 8

1. Young children are generally thought of as more malleable (even if they aren’t teachers may have believed they are)
2. If teachers hadn’t yet had the chance to form an opinion on the child’s abilities the expectancies carried by the researchers could have carried more weight
3. Younger children may be more influenced by or more susceptible to the subtle and unintentional processes that teachers use to communicate performance expectations to them (posture, smiles, eye contact etc.)

4.Teachers from lower grade may differ from teachers from upper grades in ways that produce greater communication of their expectations to the children

Question 9

What was Chaikin, Sigler, and Derlegas 1974 study and what did it prove?

Answer 9

videotaped teachers interactions with students and by observing these videos they discovered teachers subtly favored more intelligent students through eye contact, smiles, more favorable responses.

It proved teachers expectancies can improve more than just intelligence scores.