Hock Reading 3:1

Question 1

Who developed classical conditioning theory of learning?

Answer 1

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Question 2

True or false Pavlov was not a psychologist but a physiologist

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Explain Pavlov’s physiological research

Answer 3

used dogs as subjects for studying the role of salivation on digestion. His assistants would introduce various types of food and nonfood substances to the dogs mouths and they observed the rate and amount of salivation. They did this by hooking up a tube to the cheek of the dogs mouth collecting the saliva.

This experiment lead pavlov to notice dogs salivated more when presented with dry food over wet food. Automatic responses to the food that was presented. HE then noticed dogs began to salivate before the food reached their mouths —> when they heard footsteps coming, when they smelt it. Even with no food present they would salivate ex: food vessel bowl thing.

Pavlov realized the dogs came to associate these stimuli with the the food leading to salivation

—> this lead to his experiment on Unconditioned and Conditioned reflexes and stimuli

Question 4

Pavlov’s early Experiments on Conditioned responses was conducted with a __________

Answer 4

Metronome

Question 5

Unconditioned Reflexes

Answer 5

Inborn automatic reflexes, require learning/conditioning and are generally the same for all members of a particular species.

Question 6

Conditioned Reflexes

Answer 6

Acquired though experience or learning and may vary a great deal among individuals of a species

Question 7

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 7

Causes an unconditioned reflex and produces an unconditioned response

Question 8

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

produce a conditioned response

Question 9

what question did pavlov want to answer?

and what was his proposal to this question?

Answer 9

Conditioned reflexes are not inborn so exactly how are they acquired?

he proposed that if a particular stimulus in the dogs environment was often present when the dog was fed, this stimulus would become associated in the dogs brain with food

Question 10

Pavlov conducted experiments in a sound proof lab. In his controlled experiment what was the UCS and UCR?

Answer 10

Food= UCS

Salivation= UCR

Question 11

Explain Pavlov’s early Experiment on UCS and UCR

also

how did they elaborate on their findings?

Answer 11

The dog was exposed to the ticking of the metronome then immediately given food. It was observed that after several repetitions of combined stimulation, the sounds of the metronome had caused the stimulation of salivary secretion (metronome sound caused the dogs to salivate).

The metronome = CS –> Conditioned response of salivation

Elaborated on findings through different unconditioned stimuli
a. odor of vanilla to subjects prior to placing lemon juice in the dogs mouth (UCS)—> The juice caused salivation (UCR) [took 20 repetitions]

        b. Dogs exposed to a rotating object before being fed. After only 5 pairings rotating object itself (CS) caused the dog to salivate (CR)

Question 12

The Significance of Pavlov’s Findings

Answer 12

Used to explain and interpret human behavior, ex: Where phobias come from, why we dislike certain foods, source of our emotions, how advertising works, what arouses you sexually, why you feel anxiety before a job interview…

Question 13

Classical Conditioning focuses on _______ behavior: those behaviors that ______ _____ under your voluntary control

Answer 13

reflexive

are not

Question 14

Related research: John B Watson

Answer 14

Conditioned an 11 month old “Little Albert” to fear a white rat by banging a loud noice every time the rat was present

In doing so he demonstrated how emotions like fear are formed