HOC 12 : QUESTIONNAIRES

Question 1

the definition of questionnaires

Answer 1

-> A questionnaire is a pre-formulated written set of questions, predominantly closed-ended, where respondents provide answers. It serves as a structured method for collecting data in survey research.

Question 2

what is the purpose of a questionnaire

Answer 2

designed to collect large numbers of quantitative or quantifiable data
-> less expensive and time consuming than interviews , observation …

Question 3

what are the point of attention in questionnaires

Answer 3

• Do not be too threatening or direct
• Provide for sufficient number of categories, and avoid confusion ex. net income.
• Make sure respondent always completes questionnaire.
• If not sure that list of options is exhaustive, add option “Other”.
• Check the literature for validated survey questions in the field do not forget to cite the source!.

Question 4

what is the Dichotomous type of question

Answer 4

offers two alternatives to choose between -> can be used when the issue is clearcut

Question 5

what is the MCQ type of question

Answer 5

provides a choice of three to five options and asks to choose one
-> options should be un-ambigious and mutually exclusive

Question 6

what are checklist type of questions

Answer 6

same as multiple choice questions -> but respondents are allowed to tick as many times as they wish

Question 7

what is the rating scale type of question

Answer 7

asks respondents to rate or evaluate a service , policy or option according to a graduated scale
-> opinion indicated by marking appropriate place on scale
-> scale can be : starts , numeric responses …

Question 8

what is the likert scale questions

Answer 8

-> specific type of rating scale
-to ask people about their opinion , emotions , intentions and attitudes
- respondents overall score on different statements can be calculated
- positive and negative questions may be combined ( ex. strongly agree , agree …)

Question 9

what is the Halo effect and how to avoid it

Answer 9

= bias because -> respondents tends to give same answer to all questions , influenced by previous answers
-> can avoid it by :
mix the questions
switch the order of the scale
screen-by-screen design
check your audience
control the length of questionnaire ( max 5.min)

Question 10

how to ensure consistency of scales ( Cronbach’s Alpha test)

Answer 10

-> test of internal reliability to check if ( likert) scales are consistent -> done by applying the Cronbach’s Alpha test :
0 no internal reliability
1 perfect reliability
Rule of thumb: a ≥ 0.7 acceptable level of internal consistency

a≥ 0.9 excellent
0.8 ≤ α < 0.9 good
0.7 ≤ α < 0.8 acceptable
0.6 ≤ α < 0.7 questionable
0.5 ≤ α < 0.6 poor
a< 0.5 unacceptable

Question 11

what are ranking questions

Answer 11

asks to put a number of statements or options into rank order

Question 11

what are semantic differentials type of questions

Answer 11

asks to rate a single object or idea of a series of bi-polar scales
- each scale is formed of adjectives that are opposites ( differentials)

Question 12

what are open ended questions

Answer 12

to give answers from own perspective and their own words

Question 13

what are hypothetical questions

Answer 13

asks respondent what s/he would do in a particular circumstance

Question 14

what are types of bad questions explain :

Answer 14

1. Double-Barreled Question
   
   • Definition: A question that allows different responses to its subparts, causing confusion and ambiguity.
2. Ambiguous Question
   
   • Definition: Question unclear to respondents, leading to biased or inaccurate answers due to interpretation issues.
3. Recall-Dependent Question
   
   • Definition: Requires recalling distant past experiences, potentially leading to biased responses.
4. Leading Question
   
   • Definition: Guides or pressures respondents to provide desired responses.
5. Loaded Question
   
   • Definition: Phrased emotionally to elicit a particular response.
6. Socially Desirable Questions
   
   • Definition: Worded to prompt socially acceptable responses.
7. Lengthy Questions or Statements
   
   • Definition: Questions exceeding 20 words or one full line in print, risking respondent fatigue and reduced accuracy.

Question 15

what are tips about creating questionnaires

Answer 15

• Make sure to formulate questions that contribute to answering research question(s).
• Order the questions in a logical way.
• Set up a pilot survey.
• Use cover letter, incl. instructions, completion time, and ‘thank you’.
• Repeat instructions at the end of the questionnaire
• Offer to send people who request it, by completing a tick box and contact details, a summary of the findings from the questionnaire.

Question 16

what is classification data

Answer 16

• Personal information or demographic questions → at end of questionnaire, especially if information is sensitive (ex. on income).
• Useful to check for representativeness, ex. in terms of age, gender, sex, educational level, job level, number of years in the organization.