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Hobbs Questions 2. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most sensitive the least specific enzyme used as a cardiac marker?

A

myoglobin

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2
Q

what cardiac enzyme stays present for the longest period of time after an acute MI?

A

Troponin

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3
Q

Myocardial Infarctions that are a direct result of acute coronary artery vasospasms are most commonly caused by the ingestion of what illegal substance?

A

Cocaine

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of death related to myocardial infarction?

A

Dysrrhythmias

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5
Q

What are the contraindications for the use of beta blockers in an acute myocardial infarction?

A

severe asthma, advance congestive heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, type 1 diabetes, heart block, severe hypotension

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6
Q

Which of the papillary muslces is most commonly affected following an affected following an acute MI?

A

posterior papillary muscle of the mitral valve due to its single vessel blood supply

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7
Q

A septal wall myocardial infarction leads to what complication within the heart?

A

Ventral septal defect

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8
Q

what are the most common causes of high output heart failure?

A

anemia, thyrotoxicosis, AV fistula

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9
Q

What are the most common causes of low output congestive heart failure?

A

coronary artery disease/ myocardial infarction, hypertension, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy

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10
Q

What’s the most common causes of right sided congestive heart failure?

A

left sided congestive heart failure

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11
Q

whats the mot common valve involved with infective endocarditis?

A

mitral valve

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12
Q

What are the retinal hemorrhages with central clearing seen in patients with infective endocarditis?

A

Roth spots

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13
Q

What are the tender nodules seen on the tips of the fingers and toes in patients who have infective endocarditis?

A

Osler Nodes

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14
Q

What is considered the gold standard finding in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis?

A

Valvular vegetations noted on echo

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15
Q

what medication is considered to be the best alternative to use for endocarditis prophylaxis in a patient who is allergic to penicillin?

A

Clindamycin or Cephalexin

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16
Q

What is the most common infectious etiology for a patient with pericarditis?

A

Viral, Coxsackie B is the most common

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17
Q

What is the location of the majority of abdominal aortic aneurysms?

A

Infrarenal

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18
Q

Name the common risk factors for the development of a deep venous thrombosis?

A

Pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, immobility, surgery, trauma, neoplasm

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19
Q

What is the volume of blood int eh ventricle at the end of diastole?

A

Preload

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20
Q

What does stroke volume times heart rate equal?

A

Cardiac output

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21
Q

What percentage is considered normal for an ejection fraction?

A

60-80%

22
Q

What type of cardiac enzyme rises within 4-6 hours, peaks 12 to 20 hours and remains elevated for 2-3 days?

A

CK-MB

23
Q

How long does troponin stay elevated following a myocardial infarction?

A

7-14 days

24
Q

What is the most common pathogen in endocarditis in persons using IV drugs?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

25
Q

What can cause muffled heart sounds, increased JVP pressure and pulsus paradoxes?

A

Cardiac tamponade

26
Q

What is classical physical examination findings in a patient with pericarditis?

A

Pericardial friction rub

27
Q

What are classic EKG findings in a patient with pericarditis?

A

ST segment elevation in all leads

28
Q

What are the three classes of cardiomyopathy?

A

Restrictive, hypertrophic, and dilated

29
Q

What is the underlying cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

diastolic dysfunciton due to stiff heart musculature

30
Q

What is the diagnostic evaluation of choice for a patient with suspected aortic stenosis?

A

Echocardiogram

31
Q

What new heart murmur would be caused by a myocardial infection that resulted in rupture of the papillary muscle?

A

Mitral regurgitation

32
Q

What is the cardiac neuro-hormone that is secreted by the ventricles due to increase in stretch?

A

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

33
Q

What is the leading cause of death in women older than 50?

A

Coronary artery disease

34
Q

In what New York Heart Association classification are the highest levels of BNP?

A

? 4

35
Q

What will happen to the murmur associated with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy if the patient squats?

A

murmur will decrease in intensity

36
Q

What is the leading cause of death in women over 50?

A

Coronary artery disease

37
Q

What is a common cause of a continuous, machinery type murmur?

A

Congenital bicuspid aortic valve

38
Q

What are the two cardinal physical exam features of mitral stenosis?

A

opening snap end diastolic rumbling murmur

39
Q

What is the best position to examine a patient who has mitral stenosis?

A

left lateral decubitus

40
Q

What endocrine abnormality should be assessed in a patient with new onset atrial fibrillation?

A

Hyperthyroidism

41
Q

What is the physiological effect of baroreceptor stimulation?

A

increased heart rate and increased force of contraction when stimulated by volume depletion

42
Q

What is the LDL target with known heart disease?

A

70

43
Q

What m medical condition has a heart disease equivalent risk for myocardial infarction?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

44
Q

What is the most common initial ECG abnormality for a patient who has a positive stress test?

A

ST segment depression

45
Q

What condition is associated with a cold spot that reperfuses during the resting? on a thallium scan?

A

Ischemia

46
Q

What coronary artery when blocked is associated with the highest degree of mortality?

A

left main

47
Q

What are some other reasons for ordering electrophysiologic studies?

A

used in the assessment of cardiac dysrhthmias and or to treat dysrhythmias with ablation

48
Q

When in the cardiac cycle does S3 occur?

A

early diastole

49
Q

What is the description given for aortic stenosis?

A

crescendo- decrescendo systolic flow murmur

50
Q

What are the two most common patient groups that have silent, no chest pain, and cardiac ischemia?

A

diabetics and elderly

:) (11 decks)

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