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EKG- Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

While in the resting state, myocyets are polarized, the interior of every cell being _____ charged

A

negatively

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2
Q

The interiors of resting myocytes are negative, but when these cells are depolarized, their interiors become _________ and the cells contract.

A

positive

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3
Q

Depolarization may be considered an advancing wave of _____ charges within the heart’s myocytes.

A

positive

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4
Q

What initiates contraction of the resting myocytes as the charge within each cell changes to positive?

A

depolarization

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5
Q

What carries the cell to cell conduction of depolarizations through the myocardium?

A

fast moving Na+ions

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6
Q

During what phase do the myocyte interiors regain their resting negative charge?

A

repolarization

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7
Q

When does repolarization begin?

A

Immediately after depolarization

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8
Q

What causes myocardial contraction?

A

depolarization

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9
Q

What is the name of the recovery phase that follows depolarization?

A

repolarization

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10
Q

What two things of the myocardium are electrical phenomena caused by the movement of ions?

A

depolarization and repolarization

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11
Q

What are the skin sensors called that allow the EKG to record the electrical activity of the heart?

A

electrodes

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12
Q

When a positive wave of depolarization within the myocytes flows toward a positive electrode, what type of deflection occurs on the EKG?

A

upward deflection

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13
Q

What is the heart’s dominant pacemaker?

A

SA Node

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14
Q

What does the SA Node do?

A

It initiates a wave of depolarization that spreads outward, stimulating the atria to contract as the circular wave advances.

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15
Q

What is the pacing activity of the SA Node known as?

A

Sinus Rhythm

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16
Q

What is the generation of pace-making stimuli called?

A

automaticity

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17
Q

What are the focal areas of the heart called that have automaticity called?

A

automaticity foci

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18
Q

Where is the SA Node located?

A

upper posterior wall of the Right Atrium

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19
Q

Each depolarization wave of + charges proceeds outward from the SA Node and stimulate both atria to _______.

A

contract

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20
Q

Each depolarization wave emitted by the SA Node spreads through both atria and produce what on the EKG?

A

a P wave

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21
Q

What does the P wave on the EKG represent?

A

depolarization of both atria and the simultaneous contraction of the atria

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22
Q

What do the AV valves prevent?

A

They prevent ventricle to atrium blood backflow

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23
Q

What is another function of the AV valves?

A

They electrically insulate the ventricles from the atria

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24
Q

What part of the ventricles is not insulted from the atria by the AV valves?

A

The AV Node

25
Q

What is the function of the AV Node?

A

It is the sole pathway to conduct the depolarization stimulus through the fibrous AV valves to the ventricles

26
Q

What does conduction slow through the AV Node?

A

To allow time for the blood in the atria to enter the ventricles

27
Q

What carries the slow conduction through the AV node?

A

Ca++ ions

28
Q

Where does depolarization continue through after the AV Node?

A

Bundle of His

29
Q

Where does depolarization continue after the Bundle of His?

A

Left and Right Bundle branches

30
Q

Is conduction through the Bundle of His fast or slow?

A

fast

31
Q

What types of fibers make up the Bundle of His and the Bundle Branches?

A

Purkinje fibers

32
Q

Where do the terminal filaments of the Purkinje fibers rapidly distribute depolarization?

A

the ventricular myocytes

33
Q

What does the depolarization of the ventricular myocardium record as on an EKG?

A

QRS

34
Q

What is the entire ventricular conduction system composed of?

A

Purkinje fibers

35
Q

What type of ions do the Purkinje fibers use for conduction?

A

Na+ ions

36
Q

The Q wave always occurs at the beginning of the ________.

A

QRS complex

37
Q

What type of deflection is the Q wave?

A

downward

38
Q

What follows the Q wave?

A

R wave

39
Q

Which way is the R wave deflected?

A

upward

40
Q

Any downward wave preceded by an upward wave is an _____.

A

S wave

41
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

ventricular depolarization

42
Q

What is the horizontal segment of the baseline that follows the QRS complex called?

A

ST segment

43
Q

After the QRS, there is a segment of horizontal baseline followed by a broad hump called the __________.

A

T wave

44
Q

What does the ST segment normally look like?

A

horizontal and flat, and level with other areas of the baseline

45
Q

If the ST segment is elevated, what is this a sign of?

A

serious pathology ex: MI

46
Q

What does the ST segment represent?

A

the “plateau” (initial) phase of ventricular repolarization

47
Q

Why does repolarization occur?

A

So that the ventricular myocytes can recover their interior, resting negative charge, so they can be depolarized again

48
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

The rapid phase of ventricular repolarization

49
Q

When does repolarization of the ventricular myocytes begin?

A

Immediately after the QRS and persists until the end of the T wave

50
Q

Both phases of repolarization is accomplished by ____ ions leaving the myocytes

A

K+

51
Q

When does ventricular systole begin?

A

with the QRS

52
Q

Ventricular systole persists until the end of _________

A

the T wave.

53
Q

What does ventricular contraction (systole) span?

A

depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles

54
Q

What is the QT interval a representation of?

A

the duration of ventricular systole

55
Q

How is the QT interval measured?

A

from the beginning of the QRS until the end of the T wave

56
Q

What is the QT interval a good indicator of?

A

repolarization

57
Q

What are patients with long QT intervals prone to?

A

rapid ventricular rhythms

58
Q

When is the QT interval considered normal?

A

when it is less that half of the R to R interval at normal rates

59
Q

What represents the cardiac cycle?

A

P wave, the QRS complex, the T wave and the baseline that follows until another P wave appears

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