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Semester 2 (2025) > HLST 110 > Flashcards

HLST 110 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 ideas of health from western views?

A
  1. The medical Model (20th century)
  2. The Holistic Model (WHO 1947)
  3. The Wellness Model (WHO 1986)
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2
Q

Describe the Medical Model of health.

A
  • (NA 20th Century)
    Health is the absence of disease, the body is a machine that can be broken and fixed.
    Completely de emphasizes the mental and social aspect of health. Only treats health issue, not addressing prevention.
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3
Q

Describe the Holistic Model of Health.

A

(WHO 1947)
- Broadens the medical model, almost too broad
- Advantages: Health is mental, social and physical. It’s the ability to lead a productive life even in physical ailments (disabilities)
- Disadvantage: No distinction between health and the factors that make us healthy; between the state of health and consequences of being healthy.

TLDR allows us to address and prevent issues, but suggests there is no distinction between health and what makes us healthy.

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4
Q

Describe the Wellness Model of Health.

A

(WHO 1986 Ottawa Charter)
- Suggests health is the ability of an individual/group to be able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a resource for living.

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5
Q

What is the Value of studying history of Health?

A

Provides insight into the types of beliefs and behaviours of societies and people in the past. By studying the history of health, we can continue to think about health and disease even in the light of new scientific advancements.

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6
Q

How did early humans know what was safe and what wasn’t?

A

We have to assume that they learned by trial and error. They observed how animals bathed to cool their bodies, or remove parasites, how to apply mud to calm insect bites, and remember what plants made them sick and which didn’t.

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7
Q

How did early humans rationalize disease?

A

They attributed disease and death to punishment by magical spirits. Some communities made taboos, sacrifices, and cultures around these spirits and deities.

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8
Q

What are some early efforts at Public Health?

A

Minoans and Mycenaeans built drainage systems, toilets and water flushing. The oldest document dating to 1600 BC called Smith Papyri, described various surgical techniques. Other written documents recorded the concerns of public health.

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9
Q

What are Early examples of the Chinese attempting public health?

A

3000 BC
- Documented of 1000 medical herbs
- Acupuncture

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10
Q

What are Early examples of the Egyptians attempting public health?

A

3000 BC
- Magic and Religion
- Public drainage and sewage system
- Physicians
- Imhotep - earliest physicians in history
( in Egypt the “health man” was usually a priest)

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11
Q

What are Early examples of the Babylonians attempting public health?

A

2000 BC
- Physicians are payed for services
- Code of Hammurabi named after the king of Babylon explaining laws pertaining to health practices and physicians

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12
Q

What are Early examples of the Hindus attempting public health?

A

1500 BC
- Hospitals and nurses
- Many types of surgeries
- Sewers

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13
Q

What are Early examples of the Hebrews attempting public health?

A

1500 BC
- First written Hygienic code
- Cleanliness of the body
- Protection against spread of contagious diseases
- Disposal of refuse and excretions

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14
Q

What are Early examples of the Greeks attempting public health?

A

(1000 - 400 BC)
- Balancing the physical, mental and spiritual aspects of a person was emphasized
- Hippocrates (460 -377 BC)
- Father of Medicine
- Observations and a note taking
- Hippocratic Oath
- Moved Healthcare away from religion and preists

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15
Q

What are Early examples of the Romans attempting public health?

A

(500BC - 500AD)
- Established Superior Drainage systems, water supplies, and set up public hospitals
- also furthered the work of the Greeks in studying human anatomy and surgery
- Claudius Galen - (131 - 200 AD)

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16
Q

What are Early examples of the Galen attempting public health?

A

(131 - 200 AD)
- Th hypocritical oath suggests that disease was caused by types of imbalance within the four humours within the human body. Every individual has a unique combination of humours, so complicated medical knowledge and details of the individual was required. Depending when and where you were born, you’d have a predominance of one humour.

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17
Q

What are some Medical practices formed in the Middle Ages?

A
  • The fall of the Roman Empire led to many advancements of previous cultures being lost. Cities crowded and health standards became lower and lower. Churches reinforced that illness and death was a result of sin.
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18
Q

What are some Epidemics faced in the Middle Ages?

A
  • Leprosy: Facial and Extremity disfiguration
  • Bubonic plague: (1347 - 1352). Europe lost 1/3 of population. Unknown cause, doctors and religious leaders died leaving no medical support.
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19
Q

What was the effect of the Renaissance on Public Health?

A

(1500-1700)
- Science emerge
- Blood Letting was common
- Barbers were surgeons and Dentists
- The printing press allowed for Hippocrates and Galen’s work to be distributed
- hygiene still lacked.
- more realistic anatomical drawings
- Antione can Leeuwenhoek discovers microscope.

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20
Q

Describe the Age of the Enlightenment

A

(1700s)
-Resolution, industrialization and growth of cities
- disease associated with filth
- Reason and intellect replace religion and superstition in the medical field.
- Avg Lifespan of 40yrs
Dr James Lind found scurvy can be prevented by likes
- Epedemics were believed to arise from vapours from filth

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21
Q

Describe the Advancments of the 1800s

A
  • 1842: Edwin Chadwick’s report
    • Reported terrible living conditions of working britains, and made the case that these conditions caused disease and death. Called for the government which led to the formation of the general board of health for England.
  • Louis Pasteur created pasteurization
  • Joseph Lister
    • Developed methods of medical antiseptic using carbolic acid
  • John Hunter
    • In 1790, he was the first to insert feeding tune to patient
  • Edward Jenner
    • In 1796, he gave the first smallpox vaccine, the world’s first vaccine. Referred to as Father of Immunology
  • William Beaumont
    • In 1822, he fully described digestive system
  • Mid 1800s
    • Anesthetics used for surgeries and transplants became more successful
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22
Q

Describe the Advancements of The 1900s

A
  • Elias Metnikoff
    • In early 1900s, he was able to explain the function of white blood cells. Nobel prize winner for that.
  • Watson and Crick
    • In 1953 discovered DNA
  • Infertile couples can have children through in vitro fertilization.
    • 1978 first IVF baby born
  • Health Insurance
    • Health insurance plans developed in 1920s
  • The LaLonde Report
    • 1974 In Canada
    • A new perspective on health of Canadians
    • Took preventative approach
    • Proposed concept of Health field
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23
Q

How can you describe the word biology?

A

Biology studies what living organisms are made of. Bio represents the meaning of life, and logo represents the reasoned account.

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24
Q

What is Homeostasis

A
  • The goal of homeostasis is the maintenance of equilibrium around a specific value
    • Said value is called the Set point
  • when change occurs in a persons environment, an adjustment must be made so that the internal environment of the body and cells remains stable
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25
What is stimulus and receptors in homeostasis?
Change in external/internal environment is **stimulus** Receptors are what detect and respond by moving towards the set point.
26
How does homeostasis relate to health?
The biological model of health is one we maintain ourself homeostaticlly. - take in what we require - make new cells as needed - Excrete waste as needed - if something happens the body responds.
27
What is tissue?
Groups of structurally and functionally similar cells
28
What is nervous tissue?
The cells that conduct electrical potentials (neurons) and support cells (glia)
29
What is Muscle Tissue?
1. The skeletal, colander’s muscle that we use in locomotion 2. The smooth involuntary muscle that moves our internal organs 3. The cardiac muscle that pumps blood into blood vessels for transport around the body
30
What is Connective Tissue?
These cells include bone, cartilage, and tendons as part of the skeletons. It includes the blood and liquid plasma. It includes the adipose fat tissue and the derma layer
31
What is Epithelial Tissue?
The cells including the epidermis and endodermis (the skin and the lining of blood vessels)
32
What is an Organ?
Specialized structures composed of tissues that carry out specific Functions
33
How do organs work with the body?
They work together to carry out particular functions involved with sustaining life if the organisms by maintaining optimal conditions for the cells
34
What is type two diabetes?
When your body doesn’t produce enough insulin Type one doesn’t produce ANY
35
What causes type two diabetes?
Cells in muscle, fat and liver become resistant to insulin and the don’t take on enough sugars - being overweight is the main risk
36
Summarize Peter Attia’s Ted talk (obesity)
- Mad at a patient for getting diabetes - he developed metabolic symptoms (became resistant to insulin, leads to type 2 diabetes) - wondered how it happened to him if he did everything “right” - when bruising, the bruise isn’t actually the issue. While ignoring what causes the bruise. How much better off would we be to treat the bruise
37
Briefly describe genetics in health
Each cell contains genetic info within its nucleus. Each Gene contains instructions for how to make a particular protein
38
What is an enzyme?
Proteins that helps to convert other chemicals to useful forms for the body
39
What do neurotransmitters do?
Proteins that Convert info in the brain and nervous system
40
What are transport proteins?
Proteins that carry insoluble material around the body, (eg. hemoglobin transport protein for blood)
41
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids
42
What do mutated genes do to the body?
They can alter the function of a tissue and lead to disease or ill health
43
What is the Biological model of ill health?
When we are not able to function homeostaticlly. Doctors measure change in body structure to the normal range of physiological values to diagnose issues.
44
What do living organisms die to?
Trauma Infections Degenerative diseases Cancerous Growth
45
Describe death by Trauma
Burns, car accidents. Events that removed more tissue then we can replace challenge our homeostasis so far that we cannot recuperate.
46
Describe death by Infections
Microorganisms like bacteria or viruses that destroy tissue and create toxic levels of chemicals or foreign cells in our bodies
47
Describe death by Degenerative diseases
Caused by aging or lack of vital nutrients or water, where more cells are lost then can be replaced or repaired.
48
Describe death by Cancerous Growth
Where more cells are made then needed replacing functioning tissues
49
Describe obesity from a Biological Perspective
- Greater amounts of food energy taken in then the body’s requirements will result in storage of excess fat deposit - obesity associated health risks - Diabetes, colon and breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease
50
Describe the History of pain
- Aristotle and Plato considered pain to be an emotional, not sensory experience. - pain was seen as a kind of external punishment - Aristotle described it as like a spirit that whetted through an injury - Rene Descartes proposed that pain is an internal mechanical process - for Descartes, the body was a machine and pain was a disturbance within the “machine” that passed through nerves to the brain
51
What are the 3 functions of pain?
1. Pain that occurs before a serious injury has survival as it causes us to withdraw 2. Pain that prevents further injury - learning to avoid situations/behaviour that causes pain 3. Pain due to damaged joints, abdominal infections, diseases, or serious injuries set limits on activity and enforce inactivity and rest (recuperation)
52
Summarize Lorimer Moseley’s Ted talk “why things hurt”
**Experiences mould the way you react to pain stimuli. Like the man getting bit by a snake and getting poked by a stick**
53
Briefly describe pain perception.
- Injurious stimuli - Signals of tissue damage follow a particular route from afferent (sensory) neurons of the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord and then to the brain.
54
What are nociceptors?
- The afferent nerve endings that respond to pain stimuli - When nociceptors are activated, they generate impulses that travel to the central nervous system.
55
What are A-Delta Pain fibres?
- Small myelinated Fibres - Transmit impulses quickly - Sharp, distinct pain - Sensory elements of pain
56
What are C-Fibres in regards to pain?
- Unmyelinated fibres - Transmit impulses slowly - Diffuse, dull, or aching pain - Motivational and affective elements of pain.
57
How does the International Association of the Study of Pain Describe Pain as?
- (1975) - “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.” - This considers how emotional reaction to pain can affect its physical intensity.
58
What are psychological factors that contribute to pain?
- Past Experiences - Attention - Other cognitive Activities - Factors like past experiences can influence how you react to pain stimuli
59
What does it mean when someone says “pain is modulated”?
- Sensations are modified as they are conducted to the brain by way of the spinal cord - They are also influenced by downwards pathways from the brain that interprets the experience
60
What is the Neuromatrix Theory?
- Melzack (2001) - Theory states that the perception of painful stimuli does not result from the brains passive registration of tissue trauma, but from its active generation of subjective experiences through a network of neurons known as the neuromatrix. Said matrix processes the pulses sent through the brain and produces a pattern felt as bodily experiences.
61
What are the types of pain?
1. Acute Pain 2. Chronic Pain A. Chronic recurrent pain B. chronic intractable benign pain C. Chronic progressive pain
62
Describe Acute pain.
- Pain lasting less than 6 months - Needs rest and recuperation - Can cause anxiety and distress - Painkillers can help
63
Describe Chronic Pain
- Pain lasting longer than 6 months. - Disrupts sleep/normal living - ex Arthritis, back pain, ect A. Chronic recurrent pain - Intense episodes of acute pain followed by relief B. Chronic Intractable benign pain - pain all the time with varying intensity C. Chronic progressive pain - Continual discomfort that gradually intensifies as the conditions worsen
64
What is Phantom Limb Pain?
- Ongoing painful sensation that seem to be coming from a part of the body or a limb that is no longer there. - ~95% of amputees, approx 1/200 American or 1.7 million people have this experience and are not just imagining it.
65
What is a mirror box?
- Mirror placed perpendicular to patients body - good hand mirror phantom hand Phantom hand mirrors good hands movements, - Causes relieve
66
What is the difference in pain tolerance between genders?
- Women are more likely to experience recurrent pain - Migraine, back and abdominal pain, ect. - Women report more severe levels of pain and more frequent pain lasting longer - Cold Pressor Task - Women’s pain threshold is lower - Women pain tolerance is lower
67
What are some cultural influences on pain?
Some cultures promote/discourage expressions of pains (walking on coals, peircings, ect.)
68
How do ages affect the experience and beliefs of pain?
- it’s used to be believed that newborns did not feel pain. - Elders have many aches and pains, and they have to be more worried when pain is serious (because death is closer)
69
What are Discdiniplinaries involved in Pain Management?
- Pharmacological - Surgical - Acupuncture - Massage - Physical Therapy - Relaxation - Distraction - Psychological Services - Hypnosis
70
What would life be like without pain?
Miss C - Felt no pain - Had major issues with knees, hips and joints because she would remain in one position too long without getting uncomfortable. - Died at 29 due to massive infection
71
What is it meant by Social Determinants for Health? (SDH)
- Conditions people exists in - The underlying reason for variation in the distribution of health across social groups include - Illness, Morbidity, Mortality in Society - Underlying factors - gender, education, home, ethnicity, ect.
72
What are Englands Historical roots in Social Determinants for Health?
- 1850s - French Engels Wrote about the conditions of the working class in England - The working conditions “hurried them to a grave”. Strains on the working class drove them to poor living standards
73
What are Canadas Historical roots in Social Determinants for Health?
1. Health Promotion Movement - Publicly funded health care, no increasing life expectancy or population growth, and medical interventions could not assist chronic issues 2. The Health Inequalities Movement - Focused on inequalities the stemmed from the work of Fraser mustard.
74
What was the 1974 Lalonde report?
Proposed the Concept of the Health Field - Human Biology - Human physical and mental aspects of health - Environment - Includes matters that are external to the human body which the individual has little control over - Lifestyle - Includes decisions by an individual which affect their health in which the individual has more or less control over the situation. - Health Care Organization - Consists of Quantity, quality, arrangement, nature, And relationship of people and the resources in the provisions of health care
75
What is the Healthy Lifestyle Dogma?
Ways of living that promote good health and longer life expectancy
76
Describe the Influential Alameda County study
- Getting 7-8 hours of sleep each night - Eating breakfast regularly - not snacking between meals - Controlling one’s weight - Exercising - Limiting alcohol / no smoking
77
What is ParticipACTION?
- Canadian Non profit organization - launched in 1970s, lasted till 2001 - Promotes health living and physical fitness
78
How do social determinants affect one’s health?
Healthy lifestyles are not just freely determined by individual choice but are conditioned and constrained by social condition and location in the social organization of society.
79
How is income and health related?
- Health status decreases incrementally as we move down the social ladder, less access to materials. - lower occupational grades live with more stress, and stress can negatively impact one’s health
80
What is the Manitoba Mincome Experiment
Examined the effects of a guaranteed annual income (1974-1975) - Discontinued due to high costs and politics - No Disincentive to work - Positive population level effects - increased high school graduation rate - 8.5% decreased hospital visits - Reduce work related injury’s - Decline in physician Visits
81
What is culture?
- “The collective beliefs, assumptions, and values that are communicated between people within a society” - “An inherited lens through which the individual perceives and understands people within a society” - **The social model of health suggest that our individual health is affected by the context in which we live and how we make sense of the world**
82
How do people try to make sense of their illness?
Many explanations of illness are filled with notions of individual responsibility - Helps people make sense of their illness - Based on folklore
83
What are some cultural treatments?
- Homeopathy - Acupuncture - Chinese herbs - Healing rituals - Traditional Ceremonies - Smudging
84
What is intersectionality in reference to to immigrant health?
Immigrants who are older, women or lower income and members of racialized groups face greater health risks
85
Describe Obesity from a Social Determinant perspective
Lower income groups tend to eat less fruit, vegetables and food rich in dietary fibre and have lower intake of foods containing antioxidants, Some minerals and vitamins, and have higher salt intake. Tend to consume more processed foods
86
Who administered the first vaccine?
Edward Jenner - 1796 - smallpox - Father of immunology

Semester 2 (2025) (7 decks)

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