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Semester 2 (2025) > Anbi 110 Mod 3 > Flashcards

Anbi 110 Mod 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Domestication?

A

the process whereby a population of living organisms is changed at the genetic level through generations of selective breeding, to accentuate traits that ultimately benefit humans for food, work, clothing, medicine, and other uses

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2
Q

How many of the suitable sized animals did we domesticate?

A

14 out of 145

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3
Q

When did domestication begin?

A

Not long after humans moved from hunter gatherers to staying in one place. About 8000bc to 2500bc

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4
Q

Where was most early domestication taking place?

A

Eurasia, because it was huge open areas of expansive land.

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5
Q

What are the degrees of domestication?

A

Wild
Tamed
Semi-domesticated
Domesticated

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6
Q

How can you define differential reproduction?

A

It’s human controlled natural selection

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7
Q

Describe what the following do:
Adrenal Glands
Melanocytes
Chondrocytes
Osteoblast
Odontocytes

A

Adrenal Glands: tameness
Melanocytes: coat colour
Chondrocytes: produce and maintain cartilage, leading to floppy ears
Osteoblast: maintains bone. leads to smaller head
Odontocytes: reduced teeth

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8
Q

What was the first domesticated animals, and some facts about them?

A

The wolf
- dogs and grey wolves diverged genetically 20,000-40,000 yrs ago
- first undisputed evidence 13,200 yr ago.
- Happened more then once

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9
Q

What do we not know about the first domestication?

A

We don’t know what was being selected for or how they performed these selections.

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10
Q

Describe the Russian fox experiment

A

Staarted with a population of 465
30% extremely reactive
40% moderately reactive
20% fearful
10% quiet and exploratory

40 yrs and 45,000 foxes later and 70-80% of foxes were tame, allowing for petting

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11
Q

What is Flight Threshold Distance?

A

How close you can get to an animal.

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12
Q

What were some unintentional morphological changes the foxes in Belyaevs experiment were observed to have?

A

Shorter but wider skulls, smaller overall.
Floppy ears, curly tails
Significant changes in neonatal development patterns

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13
Q

What is domestication syndrome?

A

When animals undergoing domestication acquire other traits unintentionally while breeding for a different specific trait. (Most commonly shorter heads, smaller bodies, floppier ears, curly tails, and more)

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14
Q

What actually is tameness?

A

The reduction in the release of stress hormones, reduced fight or flight, decreased reactivity to new situations.

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15
Q

What are some stress hormones?

A

Both produced by adrenal gland, located at top of kidney.
- Long term: Cortisol
- Short term: Epinephrine an Norepinephrine

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16
Q

Describe the neural crest hypothesis

A
  • Tameness in animals is because of reduced stress hormone synthesis
  • The cells that produce these hormones are derived from the neural crest
  • Selecting for tameness results in smaller number of neural crests cells
  • This results in fewer numbers of cells involved in pigmentation, bone, tooth, and cartalige
  • Domestication Syndrome
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17
Q

Did we domesticate wolves or did they domesticate us?

A

Both short flight times humans and wolfs would easily spend time next to eachother, causing them to breed with other similar flight times of their own species.

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

What is the pathway to domestication?

A
  • Habituation, Partnership, Direct breeding
  • Animal becomes habituated to humans, decrease reactivity, domestication syndrome
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20
Q

Describe the domestication of cats

A

Occurred about 3000-5000 years ago
- occurred when farming and storage of grain began, as vermin were attracted to the grain and made it easy for cats to hunt them.

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21
Q

Describe the domestication of sheep

A

Domesticated at least 3 times
- in the east, approx 11,000 years ago.
- Selected for smaller bodies, higher wool production, no horns in females.

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22
Q

What did cows descend from (what was domesticated that led to cows)

A

Aurochs, which are now extinct
Last one killed in Poland in 1627

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23
Q

Describe the domestication of the horse.

A
  • ~5000 yrs ago
  • No wild progenitors exists.
    - because there are no wild horses it’s impossible to compare current horses to old horses to find morphological changes.
  • However we know we selected for:
    • Fear response
    • Cognitive and behaviour change
    • social behaviours, ect.
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24
Q

Describe the Commensal path of domestication

A

Habituation -> partnership -> Directed breeding

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25
Describe the prey pathway of domestication
Prey -> Game Management -> Herd Management -> Directed breeding
26
Describe the directed pathway to domestication
Competitor -> prey -> Human control -> Directed breeding
27
What are the two categories of animal production?
Extensive livestock production Intensive livestock production.
28
Describe extensive livestock production
Minimized capital inputs, mainly unprocessed diets of low nutrient, high fiber density, non-confined (minimum confinement), minimized handling - Beef Cattle (large Ruminant) - Sheep and Goat (Small ruminant)
29
Describe intensive livestock production
Significant inputs (buildings and equipment), processed, nutrient dense diets, confinement production, economics of scale - Pork, Dairy, Poultry
30
How much of the world’s ag land is for grazing?
65% because that land is not suitable for grain farming
31
What are the sectors of the Canadian Beef Industry
Cow Calf - extensive, pasture and rangeland Backgrounding/stocker - managed with forage/pasture diet, slow growth Feedlot/Finishing - intensive, primarily concentrate diets Packing - intensive, primarily feedlot with some pasture Retail - consumer focused
32
What is a cow?
Mature female > 3 yrs
33
What’s a heifer?
Young female < 3 yrs
34
What’s a bull?
Sexually mature uncastrated male
35
What’s a steer?
Castrated (at birth) male before sexual maturity
36
What is a calf?
Neonatal to 5 months of age
37
Describe the idea of domestication
Humans with shorter flight times would spend more time with wolves of shorter flight times, leading to both to be domesticated to live with eachother
38
Describe the annual cow-calf cycle
Breeding 42d Pregnant lactating 123d Dry and pregnant 160d Postpartum interval 40d
39
Your mom
Nuh uh
40
What are the 5 major breeds of cows
British breeds - Angus - Hereford Continental Breeds - Charolais - Simmental - Limousin
41
What is a Sow?
Mature female pig
42
What is a gilt?
Immature female pig before 2nd pregnancy
43
What is a boar?
Mature male pig
44
What is a barrow?
Castrated male pig
45
What is a piglet?
Neonatal pig before weaning
46
What does farrowing mean?
A sow giving birth to piglets
47
How much is canadas pork in regards to the world quantity?
Less then 2%
48
Describe Gestation of pigs
- 3 months 3 weeks 3 days - kept in crates to allow for individual feeding and care - sows wear a transponder to allow computer daily allotment
49
Describe farrowing of pigs
Sows kept in individual crates Avg litter size abt 15 piglets Piglets are very small and week at birth (900g) Colostrum intake in first 6 hrs is necessary
50
Describe nursing
Lots of competition, only 12 nipples Milk is let down temporarily
51
Describe weaning
Abrupt - piglets moved to nursery - sows moved to breeding line - avg time 21-28 days - Kept warm at about 24-30C
52
Describe grow finish
- After about 5 weeks nursery pigs moved to grow-finish - large groups, diets changed periodically - ready for markets 15 weeks when they reach 125-130kg
53
Describe the dairy cow life cycle
- Lactation cycle - life span - Calves
54
What is colostrum and why is it so expensive
- Calves are born with no antibodies - in the first 24hrs the small intestine can absorb antibodies. - Called **passive immunity**
55
What is supply management?
Used in Milk, Chicken, turkey, and eggs - quotas, a liscence to produce a set amount of product. - Min prices ensure farmers are payed.
56
What are some criticisms of supply management?
- Too expensive - Trade issues due to high tariffs - barrier to entry (quotas cost a fuck ton)
57
What is the CO2 cycle?
- Methane excretion from cattle, through a 10 yr photochemical oxidation processes - methane breaks down to co2 which can be absorbed by plants
58
What is the greatest variable cost in beef production?
Feed.
59
What are the nutrient requirements of NASEM 2016?
- Minerals vitamins and water - feed intake - implications of stress.
60
Why increase the use of forage in beef feed?
Forage provides a wide range of what cows need for relatively cheep.
61
What affects profitability in beef?
1. Feed cost 2. Market/proces 3. % calf crop 4. Feed efficiency 5. Drought 6. Fertalizer 7. Fuel
62
What is Canadas Traceability Program?
Based on 3 Factors - Animal Identification - Premise Identification - Animal Movement Identification (traceability) - Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID) - individual ID - Premise ID Cattle MUST have these tags if leaving the property.
63
What are the dominant beef cattle breeds?
Angus Simmenta Hereford Charolais Limousin
64
How can cattle breeds vary?
Colour Carcass quality Behaviour Frame size Feed efficiency (kg of feed/kg of gain)
65
How many broilers are grown a year
30 billion
66
What’s the quota for one laying hen?
About $500
67
What are some regulatory bodies of Canada?
Ag farmers of Canada Chicken Farmers of Canada Turkey Farmers of Canada
68
What do the regulatory bodies of Canada do?
Regulate: - Space, Air quality, husbandry practices (entering barn 2 times a day to inspect), bedding requirements. Audits to ensure compliance: - ensure good welfare for birds - Provides Canadians assurance that bird well beings are preserved - Audit Type: scheduled, spontaneous, paper.
69
What is a pedigree bird?
Means that the DNA is owned, produced, and chicks are sold.
70
Describe broiler production
- Broilers are quite a bit larger, much more muscle - layers are skinny. - Most commercial birds are white because consumers are afraid of dark colour on chicken. - Broilers are chosen for growth rate, large breasts, meat yields, livability, and feed efficiency (1kg gain/1.5kg feed)
71
What did horses start with?
Hyracotherium > Mesohippus > Miohippus > Merychippus > both Dinohippus and Pliohippus. Pliohippus led to Equus
72
When did horses transition from being food sources to usable animals?
About 4K years ago, allowed better mobility and better dispersal of culture
73
What is the Y exception?
- Yakut horses - 800 yr old breed in Siberia. There is diverse Y chromosomes, no tech used to freeze there semen or change their genes
74
What is the origin of the domestic pig?
- Pig were (probably domesticated by 490Bc in China and 800BC in England - wild boar is likely the ancestor
75
What are the most common swine breeds in Canada?
The Yorkshire (42%) Landrace (32%) Duroc (25%)
76
Compare Ontario’s pet stores to Yukon/NWT pet store counts
770 in Ontario, and about 10 in the territories
77
Did dogs descend from grey wolves?
No, from an unknown wolf.
78
Reasons for Pet Ownership
Humans have an affinity for the living world, and have a tendency to form relationships, close emotional bonds, and associations with other life in nature. Allows for mutually beneficial
79
Some ways pet ownership helps owners with?
- animal ownership is associated with slower cognitive decline - helps owners deal with loss - Helps owners to stay physically active

Semester 2 (2025) (7 decks)

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