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Semester 2 (2025) > ANBI Mod 5 > Flashcards

ANBI Mod 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 Ecosystem Services?

A

Supporting
Provisioning
Regulating
Cultural

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2
Q

What are supporting services?

A

Ecosystem services “that are neccesary for the production of all other ecosystem services”

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3
Q

What are provisioning services?

A

“Product obtained from ecosystem”

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4
Q

What are regulating services?

A

regulating services refer to the benefits humans obtain from the regulation of ecosystem processes, such as flood control, water quality, carbon storage, climate regulation, disease regulation, and waste treatment

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5
Q

What are cultural services?

A

cultural services are the non-material benefits people derive from ecosystems, including spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences, often linked to agricultural landscapes and practices

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6
Q

What is the CRP?

A

Conservation Reserve Program
- worlds largest running PES (Payments for Ecosystem Services) program
- Began in 1950s
Farmers plant “long term, control soil erosion and enhance habitats for waterfowl and wildlife
- Reduced soils erosion by estimated 470 million tons

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7
Q

How has the CRP helped the environment?

A
  • 95% reduction in nitrogen and 86% reduction in phosphorus
  • Ducks have increased by 30% since 1992
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8
Q

What is NCC

A

Nature Conservancy of Canada
- natural areas such conservation plans
- open standards for conservation

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9
Q

What are the Principles of the ALUS

A

The Alternative Land Use Services
- Community developed
- Farmer Delivered
- Targeted
- Market Driven
- Voluntary
- Integrated
- Accountable
- Science based

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10
Q

How does the ALUS work? What do they do?

A
  • Pays farmers to retain and reconstruct natural areas such as wetlands, grasslands, riparian areas and trees
  • arose from discussions of ag community trying to address shortcomings in traditional approaches to conservation
  • Funded by provincial and federal gov, private foundations, angler hunter groups, stewardship councils, and environmental groups
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11
Q

What is a Fee Simple?

A

Nature Conservancy of Canada
Fee Simple
- aquired land through purchase or donation
- Willing buyer and seller
- Land management is NCCs responsibility while in ownership of said land
- Each fee simple has a PMP (Property management plan) which identify conservation goals,
- PMP renewed every 5 years

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12
Q

What is a Conservation Easement?

A
  • An agreement where landowners voluntarily relinquish certain developmental rights or opportunities on all or part of the land, ensuring long term protection of the conservation values.
  • Mutually agreed upon set of restrictions are compiled into a legal agreement?
  • Restrictions tailored to each specific property
  • registered to the land title, in perpetuity, regardless of future ownership
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13
Q

How much of Saskatchewans land is protected?

A

10 Natural Areas
Fee simple
- 22,805 ha
Conservation Easements
- 42,312 ha

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14
Q

What is One health?

A

A concept that recognizes that the health of domestic animals is also connected to the health of humans and environment.

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15
Q

What is a zoonotic disease and some examples?

A

A disease that can be transferred from animals to humans, and humans to animals.
- avian Influenza

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16
Q

What are ways zoonotic diseases can be transfered?

A
  • Direct: Contact through infected animal
  • Indirect: Shared food, undercooked meat, contact with blood/feces, ect.
  • By vector: Mousquito, tick, ect
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17
Q

What are the three corners of the Epidemiological Triangle?

A

Host
Agent
Environmental

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18
Q

What are the two different levels of Avian Influenza?

A

Low pathogenic: No/Low signs in birds, eg, most influenza viruses
Highly Pathogenic: causes severe disease and mortality

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19
Q

How many cases of Avian Influenza have been in humans?

A

Since 2003, WHO has identified 870 cases of H5N1 in humans, 450 of which died

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20
Q

What is the codon for high path avian influenza?

A

H5N1

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21
Q

Ways to manage H5N1

A
  • PPE (masks, ect)
  • Vaccines
  • limiting Interactions with Birds
  • Putting domestic Birds in Sealed barns
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22
Q

What is an Emerging Infectious Disease?

A
  1. Diseases that recently increased in incidence or geographical host range
  2. Caused by new variants assigned to known pathogens. Eg. new strains of the flu, drug resistant teberculosis
  3. Bacteria newly resistant to antibiotics.
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23
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Infectious microorganism such as virus, bacterium, Protozoa, prion, or fungus

24
Q

Ways to Mitigate spread of parasites between animals (dogs) and humans

A

PPE
Dewormer
Safety education (bite prevention, danger of feces)
Cooking meat

25
Climate change Key points
It is warming It is us We are sure It is bad We can fix it
26
What is the difference between climate and weather?
While weather refers to short-term changes in the atmosphere, climate refers to atmospheric changes over longer periods of time, usually defined as 30 years or more.
27
What are factors causing climate change?
Internal Forcing Mechanisms (Natural Changes) - Ocean Variability - Biological Activity (modified Carbon/Water cycle) External Forcing Mechanisms - Solar output - earth magnetic field strength - Volcanic eruption - plate Tectonics - HUMAN INFLUENCE
28
How is climate change measured?
Pollen Glaciers Tree rings Records from ships and churches Ice Cores
29
Describe the Hockey Stick Graph.
Though the climate varied over time( not the temperature, but the y axis is the departure in temperature from the average), shortly after the Industrial Revolution the deviation from the average began to rise high above what it’s ever been before.
30
What are the key greenhouse gasses?
Methane Nitrous Oxide CO2 Chlorofluorocarbons
31
What are some climate change risks to farming?
Drought, extreme heatwaves, ect.
32
What are the major producers of GHG in farming?
Feed production is almost half of ags GHG. A little over a third is excretions for ruminants.
33
What are ways to reduce GHG production on farms?
Goats, sheep and cattle have high levels of methane, it can be reduced with an altered diet. If your farm is doing better and is more efficient, you produce less methane (ex. Fewer dairy cattle producing the same amount necessary for your quota will result in less GHG emissions)
34
What are the symbols for some GHG?
Nitrous oxide = N2O Carbon Dioxide = CO2 Methane = CH4
35
What are ways to mitigate GHG production on farms?
Store manure Better feeds Store more water Waste Less water Reducing excess phosphorus in fertalizer Preventing heat stress Shade
36
What is SARA?
Species at risk Act - A federal gov commitment to prevent wildlife species from becoming extinct and secure the necessary actions for recovery.
37
Describe the plane analogy to species in an environment.
If your in a plane and see a screw come out of the wing, you don’t know what it’s holding in, but slowly more come out because the first did, and as more and more come out the wing starts to fall apart.
38
What are the three key tools of SARA
- Official Recognition: a plant or animal cannot be protected till its “listed” - Habitat Protection: begins with identifying habitats needed for survival and recovery - The safety Net: fed gov steps in if a province is failing to protect species and habitat
39
What is COSEWIC?
The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife species In Canada. - Assesses the national status of wild species that are considered to be at risk in Canada
40
What are the levels of recognition that SARA has for specific species?
Extinct Extirpated Endangered Threatened Special Concern Not at Risk Data deficient
41
Describe an extinct species
A wildlife species that no longer exists on earth - Dodos
42
Describe extirpated species
Wildlife species no longer existing in the wild in Canada, but occurring elsewhere - Black footed ferret
43
Describe an endangered species
A species facing imminent extirpation or extinction - Black rhino
44
Describe threatened species
Species likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed - Bobolink
45
Describe special concern species
Wildlife specie that may become threatened or an endangered wildlife specie because of a combination of biological characteristics and identified threats - Polar bears
46
Describe data deficient species
A category that applies when available info is insufficient to resolve wildlife species eligibility for assessment or to permit an assessment of the species risk of extinctin
47
Threats to a species at risks in order of concern
Habitat loss Over exploration Native species interactions Pollution Natural disaster introduced species
48
What is operation burrowing owl?
Launched in 1987 Protected burrowing owl habitats from cultivation Eduction Habitat enhancement Conservation easements: (own land but payed to keep it in natural state)
49
What are some mitigation options to keeping threatened species around?
Conservation easement Education (why species are import, bolts on aircraft) Legislation (SARA) Land restoration projects (on industrial sights)
50
What is an Exotic/Introduced Species?
Non native species, defined by: when a species lives outside of its native distributional range which has arrived there by human activity
51
What’s an invasive species?
An exotic species that does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm to human health - Leafy spurge, originally from Europe. When seeds dry they pop over 5 meters
52
What are the impacts invasive species have on the environment?
Spread disease Destroy crop Destroy buildings Kill other organisms Destroy ecosystems Destroy natural habitat and food for wildlife
53
What is the Ten Rule?
Roughly one in ten Aline species introduced to a new region will become established as free living One in ten of those established species will spread to levels considered invasive **~1% of introduced species become invasive**
54
What many invasive plant species are in Canada? In Sask?
486 Canada 249 Sask
55
How is risk assessed in regards to invasive species?
Risk (R) = Magnitude of Loss (M) * Probability (P)
56
What is the cycle of risk management?
Prevention Early section Rapid response Containment and Controlling Reviewing and reporting
57
What are ways we can mitigate invasive species?
Climate envelopes Prevention Risk assessment Detecting As fast as Possible garbage bag over plant and dig out roots

Semester 2 (2025) (7 decks)

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