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physiology 1 > hlsc 128 > Flashcards

hlsc 128 Flashcards

respiratory system

1
Q

main function of respiratory system?

A

supply body tissues with 02 and dispose of co2 generated by cellular metabolism

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2
Q

how many processes does the respiratory system encompass are they related and are they separate and what are they called

A

-2
-internal respiration
-external respiration
-seperate but related

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3
Q

what is external respiration

A

exchange of o2 and co2 between the external environment and cells of the body

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4
Q

how many steps in external respiration and what are they

A

4 steps
-ventilation : movement of air in and out of the lungs

-o2 and co2 exchange between air in the alveoli and blood within the
pulmonary capillaries

-blood transports o2 and co2 between lungs and tissues

-o2 and co2 exchanged between tissues and blood by diffusion across systemic capillaries

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5
Q

what does the respiratory system consist of ?

A
  • respiratory airways leading into lungs
  • lungs (airways and alveoli)

-structures of the thorax involved in air movement through the airways into and out of the lungs

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6
Q

what occupies most of thoracic cavity ?

A

the lungs

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7
Q

what are the two lungs divided into and what is each on supplied by

A

divided into several lobes and each one is supplied by one of the bronchi

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8
Q

what are some characteristics of the lungs and what do they contain

A

-highly branched airways
-the alveoli
the pulmonary blood vessels
-and large quantities of elastic connective tissue

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9
Q

what do the respiratory airways do

A

they are tubes that carry air between the atmosphere and the air sacs

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10
Q

what are the respiratory airways

A

-nasal passages /nose
-pharynx /common passageway for respiratory digestive systems
-trachea/windpipe
-larynx /voice box
-right and left bronchi

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11
Q

do bronchioles contain cartilage to hold them open

A

no cartilage to hold them open

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12
Q

what do bronchioles walls contain and innervated by what

A

contain smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

what are the bronchioles sensitive to

A

hormones and local chemicals

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14
Q

where are the alveoli located in the bronchioles

A

they are clustered at ends of terminal bronchioles

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15
Q

what are the trachea and larger bronchi called

A

convection zone

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16
Q

how does the convection zone prevent collapse

A

by rings of cartilage

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17
Q

a description of the convection zone

A

fairly rigid, nonvascular tubes

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18
Q

where is the diffusion zone

A

bronchioles

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19
Q

what are alveoli

A

thin walled inflatable sacs

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20
Q

what are the function of alveoli

A

-gas exchange
-large surface area

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21
Q

what is type 1 alveolar cells consist of

A

wall consist of a single layer of flattened epithelial cells

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22
Q

what do pulmonary capillaries do

A

encircle each alveolus

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23
Q

what do type 2 alveolar cells secrete

A

pulmonary surfactant

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24
Q

what do alveolar macrophages do

A

they guard the lumen

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25
Q

what do pores of kohn do

A

permit airflow between adjacent alveoli (collateral ventilation)

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26
Q

what is the outer chest wall called

A

thorax

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27
Q

how is the thorax formed

A

by 12 pairs of ribs

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28
Q

how do the sternum and thoracic vertebrae face the thorax

A

-sternum anteriorly
-thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

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29
Q

what does the ribcage do

A

protects the lungs and the heart

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30
Q

what do the muscles in the thorax do

A

involved in generating pressure that cause airflow

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31
Q

what are the main inspiratory muscles

A

-diaphragm
-external intercostal muscles

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32
Q

what is the structure of the diaphragm

A

-dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle

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33
Q

what does the diaphragm do

A

separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

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34
Q

what is the diaphragm innervated by

A

phrenic nerve

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35
Q

what is the external intercostal muscles innervated by

A

intercostal nerve

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36
Q

what do the expiratory muscles contain

A

-internal intercostals
-abdominal muscles

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37
Q

what do the abdominal muscles contain

A

-rectus abdominis
-transverse abdominis
-internal and external obliques

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38
Q

what is the pleural sac or the serousal membrane

A

-double walled, closed sac that separates each lung from the thoracic wall

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39
Q

what is the pleural cavity

A

the interior of plural sac

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40
Q

what is inter pleural fluid and what is it secreted by

A

-secreted by the pleura
-lubricates the pleural surfaces

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41
Q

what does the pleural sac form and how many ml

A

form a thin double layered serosa that is a few ml

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42
Q

what is the parietal membrane

A

thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm

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43
Q

viceral membrane what is it

A

external surface of the lung

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44
Q

what does pleural sac allow to happen during breathing

A

allows lungs and thorax to slide past each other during breathing

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45
Q

how does air enter and leave the lungs

A

by respiratory mechanics

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46
Q

pressure differences

A

f =p/r

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47
Q

what’s important in ventilation

A

interrelationships among pressures inside and outside the lungs

48
Q

how many different pressure considerations is there what are they called and what are they important in

A

4
-atmospheric (barometric pressure)
-intraalveolar pressure
-intraplural pressure
-transpulmonary pressure ( inside - outside pressure)
important in ventilation

49
Q

respiratory pressures are always relative to what

A

atmospheric pressure

50
Q

measure in what

A

mmhg
cmh20
atmospheres (atm)

51
Q

how much do pressures equate at sea level

A

mmhg =760
atm=1
cmh20 =1034

52
Q

at higher altitudes would pressures be higher or less than sea level

A

less than sea level

53
Q

what are highly distensible and have elastic recoil

A

lungs

54
Q

what is more rigid than lungs and recoils outward

A

thoracic wall

55
Q

what is transmural pressure

A

inside pressure - outside pressure

56
Q

what keeps lung and chest wall together

A

transmural pressure gradient

57
Q

what always has sub atmospheric pressure

A

pleural sac

58
Q

source of lungs elastic recoil

A

1-strechability
2-alveolar surface tension thin liquid films lines each alveolus

59
Q

what do water lined alveoli creates and what does this cause

A

surface tension
-resists alveoli expansion -less compliant
-tends to shrink alveoli - recoil

60
Q

what would happen to lungs if only water lined alveoli

A

they would collapse

61
Q

if the alveoli is smaller what happens to the surface tension

A

surface tension is greater the smaller the alveoli which causes collapse

62
Q

what reduces surface tension

A

pulmonary surfactant

63
Q

how does pulmonary surfactant reduce surface tension

A

-reduces cohesive force between water molecules
-deep breathing increases secretion by stretching type 2 cells

64
Q

what is pulmonary surfactant made of

A

a complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins

65
Q

what are the benefits of pulmonary surfactant

A
  • reduces work of the lungs
  • reduces recoil pressure of smaller alveoli more than larger alveoli
66
Q

why do premature babies have difficulty breathing

A

lack of pulmonary surfactant

67
Q

what does alveolar interdependence contribute to

A

alveolar stability

68
Q

how are alveoli connected

A

by connective tissues

69
Q

what happens if an alveolus begins too collapse

A

neighbouring alveoli resist by recoiling

70
Q

what forces keep alveoli open

A

positive transmural pressure
pulmonary surfactant
alveolar interdependence

71
Q

wat forces promote alveolar collapse

A

elasticity of stretched connected tissue fibres
alveolar surface tension

72
Q

what is pneumothorax

A

its an abnormal condition when air enters the pleural space

73
Q

what happens to pleural and alveolar pressure during pneumothorax

A

both pleural and alveolar pressure now equal atmospheric pressure, therefore pressure gradient no longer exits across lung or chest wall

74
Q

what happens to lung when there’s no opposing negative pleural pressure to keep it inflated

A

collapses to its unstretched size

75
Q

boyles law

A

at any constant temperature the pressure exterted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of a gas

76
Q

what does change in alveolar pressure do

A

produces flow of air in and out of the lungs

77
Q

what happens if alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

A

air enters the lungs

78
Q

what happens if alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

A

air exits the lungs

79
Q

what is boyles law

A

p1v1=p2v2

80
Q

what happens when lung volume is altered

A

pressure changes in the lungs
airflow is generated

81
Q

what happens in respiratory muscle

A

activity change volume of thoracic cavity

82
Q

expansion during inspiration decreases what

A

intra pleural pressure

83
Q

what is the primary determinant of resistance to airflow

A

radius of airways

84
Q

what controls the contraction of smooth muscle in airway walls aka changes the radii

A

autonomic nervous system

85
Q

which branches of the autonomic nervous system act on airway smooth muscle

A

both SNS and PNS

86
Q

SNS causes what

A

causes bronchodilaton by NE and Epinephrine

87
Q

PNS causes what

A

bronchoconstriction by ACh

88
Q

what happens when someone has chronic pulmonary disease

A

abnormally increases airway resistance

89
Q

when is expiration more difficult than inspiration

A

during chronic pulmonary diseases

90
Q

what are some diseases that affect airway resistance

A

-chronic bronchitis
-emphysema
-asthma

91
Q
A
92
Q

what does a spirometer contain

A

an air filled drum floating in a water filled chamber

93
Q

what is the maximum volume of lungs in adult male and adult female

A

male 5.7 L
female 4.2 L

94
Q

how much do lungs contain at reset

A

2.2 L after expiration still half full

95
Q

tidal volume Vt

A

500 mL

96
Q

inpiratory reserve volume IRV

A

3000mL

97
Q

inpiratory capacity IC

A

3500mL

98
Q

exploratory reserve volume ERV

A

1000mL

99
Q

Residual volume RV

A

1200mL

100
Q

functional residual capacity FRC

A

2200 mL

101
Q

vital capacity VC

A

4500 mL

102
Q

total lung capacity TLC

A

5700 mL

103
Q

what is tidal volume

A

volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath 500 mL

104
Q

Residual volume what is it

A

minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration 1200 ml

105
Q

what is vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration VC = IRV+TV+ERV 4500 mL

106
Q

total lung capacity TLC what is it

A

maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold 5700 mL

107
Q

what gives abnormal spirometry results

A

-obstructive lung disease : •increased airway resistance •FEV1<80% forced exploratory volume in one second

-restrictive lung disease : •normal airway resistance but reduced vital capacity •impaired respiratory movements •abnormalities in lung tissues
•the pleura
•chest wall
•neuromuscular machinery

108
Q

pulmonary ventilation equals what

A

minute ventilation

109
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

volume of air breathed in and out in one minute

110
Q

what is the pulmonary ventilation equation

A

pulmonary ventilation (6000mL/min)= tidal volume (500 mL / breath) x respiratory rate (12breaths/min)

111
Q

what more important alveolar ventilation or pulmonary ventilation

A

alveolar ventilation

112
Q

what is alveolar ventilation

A

volume of air exchanged between atmosphere and the alveoli per minute

113
Q

why is alveolar ventilation less than pulmonary ventilation

A

due to anatomic dead space

114
Q

alveolar ventilation equation

A

(tidal volume - dead space )x respiratory rate

115
Q

how much does quiet breathing of total energy expenditure require

A

3%

116
Q

when is work of breathing increased

A

-when there is a need for increased ventilation example exercise 10-15 O2 consumption
-when pulmonary compliance is decreased eg fibrosis
-when elastic recoils is decreased example emphysema

117
Q

what is gas exchange

A

-simple diffusion of O2 and CO2 down partial pressure gradient
-until partial pressures are equilibrated

physiology 1 (6 decks)

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