Cell Flashcards
what is the cell covered by
cell membrane
what are the functions of the cell membrane
forms isolating barrier between ICF and ECF / used for transportation / communication between external and internal environments
what is the nucleus covered by
covered by a double layered envelope referred to as nuclear envelope
what does the nucleus contain?
nucleus contains blueprints of cell, master molecule which is the DNA of the cell
what is the nucleolus
present in nucleus often referred to as small mini nucleus
what is the function of nucleolus
involved in the synthesization of ribosomes which are then transported to the cytoplasm
what do nuclear pores do
regulate movement in and out of the cell
what does DNA of cell dictate
protein synthesis
what is the cytoplasm
anything minus the nucleus
what is the cytoplasm composed of
cytosol , organelles and inclusions
what is the cytosol
is the gelatinous portion in which structures within the cells float
what are organelles
often referred to as mini organs they are membrane bound and there is 5 types : endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondrion
what are inclusions
non membrane bound insoluble particles there are 3 centrioles vaults and ribosomes
what is endo plasmic stand for
endo stands for inside and plasmic stands for cytoplasm
what does reticulum stand for ?
refers to a network of interconnected membrane tubes
how many kinds of endoplasmic reticulum is there
2
rough endoplasmic reticulum RER
smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER
why is the RER surface rough
the surface is dotted with ribosomes ( non membrane bound inclusions)
what is the function of the ribosomes in the RER
protein synthesis
where were ribosomes generated
nucleolus
how were the ribosomes transported
through nuclear pore helped by walls
why is it called smoothER
because contains no ribosome therefore has smooth surface
what does the smooth ER do
packages protein molecules into small bundles from RER
what does the smooth er create
transport vesicles
what name is the SER remodelled to in our muscle
sarcoplasmic reticulum SR
what is the golgi complex named after
camillo golgi
what is the function of the golgi complex
receives transport vesicles from SER then delivered to cisternae
where are the transport vesicles repackaged
golgi complex
what are secretory vesicles
200x larger than transport vesicles
what are the transport vesicles repackaged to
secretory vesicles
what process does the golgi complex use
exocytosis
what does exocytosis do
transforms the transport vesicles into secretory vesicles
what disease could possible be the golgi complex fault
alzheimers
how many enzymes do lysosomes contain
50-60
what are the enzymes
hydrolytic
an example of lysosomes
phagocyte
what is phagocytosis
kills bacteria and viruses
what happens when lysosomes are missing one or two enzymes
can cause tay sachs disease
whom are affected
eastern European between ages 3-4 often die no cure
what causes tay sachs disease
lack or missing of hexoaminidase enzyme
what does hexoaminidase do
breaks down glycolipids , when not broken down they accumulate in the nerve cell
and stop producing normal nerve cell
what happens to the affected
loss of vision
loss of coordination
death
what do peroxisomes do
involved in the production of enzymes or oxidation reduction reactions
what do peroxisomes release
oxidative enzymes
what is the function of vaults
unclear / may be believed to transport ribosomal parts from the nucleus to cytoplasm plasm / storechemotherapy drugs affects cancer patient becomes resistant to drugs
what is mitochondria enclosed by ?
double membrane inner and outer membrane
what is between the two membranes
the inter membrane and the matrix is the inner most part
what site is the mitochondria used for
site for ATP or energy production
what causes kearns sayre disease
caused by abnormalities in the mitochondria is the degeneration disease of the eye muscles
muscles begin to fail followed by the retina pigmentation failing then affects the nerve functions may also result in heart disease
what diseases are linked to mitochondria
mcardle and kearns sayre disease
what causes mcardle disease
metabolic disease (missing enzyme for glucose breakdown) causes muscle fatigue cramps
where are ribosomes created
nucleolus
what is the molecular weight of a ribosome
80 svedberg
what is a ribosome formed from
a large and small subunit
where are ribosomes present
RER and float around freely in the cytoplasm
what does centrioles do
form the mitotic spindle that guide chromes towards the two poles
direct DNA movement during cell division
how many bundles do centrioles have
9 bundles of microtubules each of which have 3 individual microtubules and each centriole 27
