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physiology 1 > Central nervous system > Flashcards

Central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

when does the Cns form in fetal development

A

beginning of 3rd week

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2
Q

when does the neural plate and neural crest form

A

day 23

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3
Q

what does the neural plate become

A

the neural tubal and the CNS

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4
Q

what does the neural crest become

A

the PNS

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5
Q

what happens on day 28

A

forebrain mid brain and hindbrain are formed

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6
Q

what happens on week 6 or day 42

A

forebrain becomes the cerebrum and the diencephalon

midbrain stays as is

hindbrain becomes cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

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7
Q

how many distinctive regions is the brain split up in

A

3
forebrain
cerebellum
brainstem

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8
Q

what does the cerebrum consist of in the forebrain

A

basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

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9
Q

what does the diencephalon consist of in the forebrain

A

hypothalamus and thalamus

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10
Q

what is the cerebellum consist of

A

cerebro
spino
vestibo

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11
Q

what does the brainstem consist of

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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12
Q

how many spinal nerves is the spinal cord divided into

A

31 spinal nerves

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13
Q

where do afferent neurone do ?

A

carries information to the CNS

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14
Q

Where do efferent neurones do ?

A

carry information away from the CNS to effector organ

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15
Q

which neutron is most abundant

A

interneuron

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16
Q

where is interneuron present

A

only present within CNS

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17
Q

what provides metabolic support for neurones

A

glial cells

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18
Q

how many kinds of glial cells are there in the PNS

A

2 kinds
1) schwann cells
2) satellite cells

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19
Q

what do schwann cells do ?

A

they produce myelinated fibre
also support the PNS

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20
Q

what do satellite cells do ?

A

they secrete a capsule that supports the cell bodies of the neurones in the pns

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21
Q

how many kinds of glial cells are there in the CNS

A

4 kinds
1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal cells

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22
Q

what do astrocytes do ?

A

-means star
-form blood brain barrier
-is a tight junction between blood and CNS
-provides nutrition

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23
Q

how does the astrocyte form tight junctions

A

by sending foot processes that secrete paracrine signals that promote tight junction formation

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24
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do ?

A

they form myelin in the CNS
(is equivalent to schwann cells in the PNS)

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25
Q

what are microglia

A

-tiny glue cells
-are scavengers will eat any harmful bacteria and get rid of it
-they remain quiet until activated

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26
Q

what happens if microglia become overactive or overzealous

A

begin to destroy neurones and are most likely involved with dementia alzheimers, HIV and multiple sclerosis

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27
Q

what happens if glial cells are misbehaving

A

causes glioblastoma or tumour of the brain which is not curable and causes death

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28
Q

what are microglia equivalent to in the immune system

A

phagocytes

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29
Q

what do ependymal cells do

A

-most common cells that line the cavities of the CNS and form the lumen
-line cavities of CNS called ventricles
-act as neural stem cells such as in the hippocampus of the brain which generates new neurones

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30
Q

what do ependymal cells secrete

A

cerebro spinal fluid

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31
Q

what does cerebrospinal fluid do ?

A

keeps our brain and tissue safe by providing chemical and physical protection

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32
Q

what protects the CNS

A

1) cranium
2) meninges
3) cerebrospinal fluid

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33
Q

what are the 3 layers of meninges

A

1) dura matter
2) arachnid matter
3) pia matter

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34
Q

what does the dura matter do ?

A

takes used things from the brain

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35
Q

what does the arachnoid matter form

A

cobb webb like shape

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36
Q

what is pia matter

A

its the innermost layer of the meninges
brings in all the food and requirements for the neurones.

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37
Q

what produces CSF
and which ventricles

A

ependymal cells
3 and 4 ventricle

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38
Q

how many times a day is cerebrospinal fluid made and how much

A
  • 3 times a day
    -120/125 ml
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39
Q

how does csf reduce weight

A

by buoyancy

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40
Q

shock absorber learn

A

go back to text book

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41
Q

where is the bbb completely absent

A

the vomitting centre in the brain and hypothalamus

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42
Q

what makes up 80% of total brain weight

A

cerebrum

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43
Q

what is the outer surface of the cerebrum convoluted with ?

A

sulcus or shallow grooves ( sulci for plural)

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44
Q

why is there sulci

A

increase surface area for neurones can fit into there

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45
Q

what divides the two main lobes in the cerebrum

A

central sulcus

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46
Q

what are the frontal and partial lobe called ?

A

higher cortex

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47
Q

what does the corpus colosseum do ?

A

connects the left and right hemisphere

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48
Q

what is the corpus colleum referred to as ?

A

information super highway

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49
Q

how many layers of grey matter is the cerebrum divided into

A

6 regions

50
Q

how many layers of white matter does the cerebrum have ?and what is it

A

1 layer
they are myelinated axons leaving the tissue

51
Q

what does occipital lobe do

A

all vision

52
Q

temporal

A

all hearing

53
Q

parental lobe

A

sensory

54
Q

frontal lobe

A

ability to speak and elaboration of though

55
Q

what is between frontal lobe and parietal lobe

A

central sulcus a deep invagination

56
Q

what causes Parkinson’s disease

A

lack od dopamine

57
Q

how are Parkinson’s patients treated

A

L dopa passes the BBB through transporters

58
Q

what does homunculus mean and how many region is there ?

A

little man
2 regions
1) somatosensory cortex
2) primary motor cortex

59
Q

describe the somatosensory cortex in the homunculus

A

-body is upside down
-hands
-face
-tongue
-genitals
-touch, pressure, temp propioception

60
Q

describe the primary motor cortex in the homunculus

A

fingers thumb lips tongue

61
Q

lateral dominance

A

left and right dominant

62
Q

left dominant what do they excel in

A

-dominate in verbal skills
-math
-analytical
-fine detail
-thinkers
-right hand 95 percent of the time

63
Q

right dominate what do they excel in

A

-non verbal skills
-excel in spatial skills
-philosophy
-artists
-creators
-left handed 5

64
Q

how you understand language is what area

A

wernickes area

65
Q

how u speak and form words is what area

A

brocas area

66
Q

what is damaged and what is it called if u can understand the language but cannot speak

A

brocas area is damaged and is called expressive aphasia

67
Q

what happens if wernickes area is damaged

A

called receptive aphasia and cannot understand or receive language

68
Q

what is the basal nuclei or basal ganglia

A

collection of cell bodies

69
Q

what do basal nuclei do ?

A

they coordinate motor activity by suppressing unwanted activity
and govern muscle tone

70
Q

what do basal nuclei form

A

a loop is formed from the basal nuclei to the thalamus to the higher motor cortex then back to the basal nuclei

71
Q

what does loss of basal ganglia cause

A

loss of dopamine which results in parkinsons disease

72
Q

symptoms of loss of basal ganglia

A

resting tremors
reptilian stare
stooped posture
shuffling when walking

73
Q

what can drug use do to basal nuclei

A

will destroy it by destroying synaptic junctions

74
Q

what happens with huntington disease

A

genetic disorder
lose ur basal nuclei
motor coordination is lost
results in twitching
progressive
no cure
bed ridden
only live till 30s
also loss of dopamine

75
Q

tourettes syndrom and OCD are linked to what

A

basal nuclei dysfunction or loss

76
Q

what does the thalamus form

A

a relay station

77
Q

what does thalamus do

A

crude awareness of everything
stimuli of special interest (parent and child)
site of sensory processing

78
Q

which area is most
involved in regulating internal environments

A

hypothalamus

79
Q

what does hypothalamus do

A

controls homeostatic functions
forms crucial link between nervous and endocrine system
flight or fight response
food intake
temperature control system
is less than 1% of total brain tissue

80
Q

what is catecholamine

A

flight or fight response

81
Q

what does the pineal gland do

A

controls circadian rhythms

82
Q

how does the pineal gland control our circadian rhythms

A

by secreting a hormone called melatonin

83
Q

how many parts does the pituitary gland obtain

A

2 parts
anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland

84
Q

what happens in the anterior pituitary gland

A

responsible for the formation of the gonads inmates and females gametes // also called gonadtropic action

85
Q

what does the anterior pituitary govern

A

male and female hormones

86
Q

what is responsible for the command of prolactin secretion and milk production

A

anterior pituitary gland

87
Q

what does the posterior pituitary gland secrete and what is it involved in

A

secretes oxytocin and is involved in milk ejection and lactation (helps mother bond to baby)

88
Q

what other hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete and what does it do

A

vasopressin
it is an anti diuretic that governs our urine formation that governs our kidney and blood pressure

89
Q

what is the cerebellums second name

A

second brain

90
Q

what does spin-cerebellum do

A

enhances muscle ton
coordinated skill
voluntary movements

91
Q

what does cerebrocerebellum do

A

plays a role in planning and initiating voluntary activity by providing input to cortical motor areas
procedural memories are stored here an example is dancing

92
Q

what does the vestibulocerebllum do

A

involved with balance
waiting balance in inner ea and equilibrium
also involved with eye movements

93
Q

what is the brainstem considered and what does it do

A

considered primitive and performs life sustaining activities

94
Q

where is the site of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves written in roman numerals

A

brain stem
except for number 10 which is involved in the heart

95
Q

where is the site of reticular activating system

A

brain stem

96
Q

what does the reticular activating system do

A

blood pressure
arousal
stretch reflexes
pain modulation

97
Q

what is the midbrain involved in

A

eye reflexes
auditory reflexes
ear functions

98
Q

what is the pons involved in

A

a bridge between medulla and midbrain
breathing

99
Q

what is the medulla involved in

A

controls blood pressure
breathing
swallowing
vomiting

100
Q

what do the 12 cranial nerves provide

A

neck and head

101
Q

what is the limbic system responsible for

A

emotion behaviour

102
Q

what does the limbic system consist of

A

cingulate gyrus
amygdala
hippocampus
fornix

103
Q

what is cingulate gyrus involved in

A

emotions expressed in gestures

104
Q

what is the fornix purpose

A

purpose is unclear
memory loss may be associated with this area if fornix was removed

105
Q

what is the amygdala involved in

A

fear
anger
distress
involved in flight or fight

106
Q

what does the amygdala trigger

A

the hypothalamus

107
Q

how many distinct regions is there of amygdala

A

22

108
Q

what is the role of the hippocampus

A

memory is stored here
episodic declarative memory
what where when
new neurones are produced here

109
Q

what area is lost in alzheimers

A

hippocampus

110
Q

what is the spinal cord covered by

A

vertebral column

111
Q

what does the spinal cord form

A

dermatomes

112
Q

what is the shape of the spinal cord

A

slender
cylinder of nervous tissues

113
Q

what is the spinal cord made of

A

central lumen and definitive region

114
Q

where does whit matter of the spinal cord carry information

A

to and from the brain

115
Q

how many regions is the grey matter divided into

A

3 regions
dorsal horn(afferent neurons )
lateral horn (autonomic efferent neurons)
ventral horn(somatic efferent neurons)

116
Q

what do afferent neurones do

A

they form a collection of cell bodies

117
Q

what does lateral horn do

A

provides the periphery with all the efferent neurones

118
Q

what does the ventral horn do

A

sufficient to the somatic systems of the body

119
Q

types of reflexes

A

1) innate
2)learned

120
Q

what is babinskis positive

A

toes will flare out 0 to 24 month

121
Q
A

physiology 1 (6 decks)

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