HLE Exam 3 Flashcards
What picks up excess cholesterol in the bloodstream and bring it back to the liver for excretion from the body?
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
One of the building blocks of proteins; 20 common ________ are found in foods.
Amino Acid
Dietary components the body must get from foods or supplements because it cannot manufacture them to meet its needs.
Essential Nutrients
An essential nutrient, required for energy for cells; sugars, starches, and dietary fiber.
Carbohydrates
An important nutrient required by the body in relatively large amounts.
Macronutrient
A simple sugar that is the body’s basic fuel.
Glucose
A measure of energy content in food; 1 ________ represents the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water 1˚C; commonly referred to as a calorie
Kilocalorie
An essential nutrient that forms important parts of the body’s main structures (muscles and bones) as well as blood, enzymes, hormones, and cell membranes; also provides energy.
Protein
What is blood fat that transports cholesterol to organs and tissues: excess amounts result in the accumulation of deposits in artery walls, causing hardening of the arteries and potentially cardiovascular disease?
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
Cholesterol
The ratio of a food’s essential nutrients to its calories.
Nutrient Density
AKA lipids, are the most concentrated source of energy.
Fats
Types of Carbohydrates
Simple: monosaccharides and disaccharides
Complex: starches and most type of dietary fiber
Naturally Occurring Plant Substances
Sugars naturally found in fruit and milk
Whole grains
The synthetic form of folate
Folic Acid
Dirty Dozen Fruit
The ability of the body to perform prolonged, large-muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate to high levels of intensity.
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
The joints’ ability to move through their full range of motion.
Flexibility
Physical abilities that contribute to performance in a sport or activity, including speed, power, agility, balance, coordination, and reaction time.
Skill-Related Fitness
Physical capabilities that contribute to health, including cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.
Health-Related Fitness
A subset of planned, structured, repetitive body movement to improve or maintain physical fitness.
Exercise
The force a muscle can produce with a single maximum effort.
Muscular Strength
The nonfat components of the human body, consisting of skeletal muscle, bone, and water.
Fat-Free Mass
The proportion of fat and fat-free mass (muscle, bone, and water) in the body.
Body Composition
Any body movement carried out by skeletal muscles requiring energy.
Physical Activity
Health Benefits of Physical Activity
- Improved cardiorespiratory functioning
- More efficient metabolism and improved cell health
- Improved body composition
- Disease prevention and management
- Improved psychological and emotional wellness
- Improved immune function
- Prevention of injuries and low-back pain
- Improved wellness for life
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Physical inactivity
Sedentary
FITT-VP
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type
Volume
Progression
A calculated measure of human body shape; the ratio of mass (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared: weight/height^2.
Body Mass Index
Connective tissue in which fat is stored.
Adipose Tissue
The percentage of total body weight that is composed of fat.
Percent Body Fat
Fat located under the skin.
Subcutaneous Fat
A condition consisting of three interrelated disorders: abnormal eating patterns (and excessive exercising) followed by lack of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) and decreased bone density (premature osteoporosis).
Female Athlete Triad
Fat located around major organs; also called intra-abdominal fat.
Visceral Fat
Severe overweight, characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat; may also be defined in terms of some measure of total body weight.
Obesity
A disease that disrupts normal metabolism, interfering with cells’ ability to take in glucose for energy production.
Diabetes Mellitus
Body weight above the recommended range for good health.
Overweight
Fat incorporated in various tissues of the body; critical for normal body functioning.
Essential Fat
An eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain body weight at a minimally healthy level and an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat; self-starvation.
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging - overeating and then using compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, laxatives, and excessive exercise to prevent weight gain.
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating and a lack of control over eating behavior in general.
Binge-Eating Disorder
Amount of Healthy Weight Loss Per Week
0.5 - 2 pounds per week
The mental representation of a person holds about their body at any given time, consisting of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, and emotions about the body.
Body Image
Eating Disorder Treatment
Psychotherapy and medical management
The contraction phase of the heart.
Systole
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
Artery
The part of the circulatory system controlled by the right side of the heart: the circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs
Pulmonary Circulation
Sustained abnormally high blood pressure.
Hypertension
A vessel that carries blood to the heart.
Vein
The part of the circulatory system controlled by the left side of the heart: the circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
Systemic Circulation
A deposit on the inner wall of blood vessels; blood can coagulate around ________ and form a clot.
Plaque
The relaxation phase of the heart.
Diastole
Cardiovascular disease caused by the deposit of fatty substances (called plaque) in the walls of the arteries.
Atherosclerosis
A type of blood fat that can be a predictor of heart disease.
Triglyceride
An inherited condition in which there is an enlargement of the heart muscle, especially the muscle between the two ventricles.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
A sac or outpouching formed by a distention or dilation of the artery wall.
Aneurysm
A small stroke usually a temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain, causing numbness or difficulty with speech.
Transient Ischemic Attack
Chest pain due to coronary heart disease.
Angina Pectoris
A condition resulting from the heart’s inability to pump enough blood to keep up with the body’s metabolic needs; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body.
Congestive Heart Failure
A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel that has already been damaged by plaque buildup; the clot may lead to stroke.
Thrombus
Cardiovascular disease caused by hardening of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart muscle.
Coronary Heart Disease
A blood clot that breaks off from its place of origin in a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream.
Embolus
A condition in which the mitral valve billows out during ventricular contraction, allowing leakage of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Damage to, or death of, heart muscle, resulting from a failure of the coronary arteries to deliver enough blood to the heart; also known as myocardial infarction (MI).
Heart Attack
Heart Attack Symptoms
- Chest pain or pressure
- Arm, neck, or jaw pain
- Difficulty breathing
- Excessive sweating
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of consciousness
Racial Group With The Highest Prevalence of CVD
African American
Heart Healthy Diet
- Decreasing saturated and trans fat intake
- Eat high-fiber diet
- Reducing sodium intake
- Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption
- Eat foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids
Common Death Amongst People With Diabetes
The abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells.
Cancer
A tumor that is not cancerous.
Benign Tumor
A small, usually harmless mass of tissue that projects from the inner surface of the colon or rectum.
Polyp
The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
Metastasis
A scraping of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect cancer.
Pap Test
A period during the course of cancer in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease.
Remission
Light rays of a specific wavelength emitted by the sun; most ________ rays are blocked by the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere.
Ultraviolet Radiation
Cancer arising from bone, cartilage, or striated muscle.
Sarcoma
Any of a group of yellow-to-red plant pigments that can be converted to a vitamin A by the liver; many act as antioxidants or have other anticancer effects. The ____________ include beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin.
Carotenoid
The removal of a small piece of body tissue to allow for microscopic examination; a needle ________ uses a needle to remove a small sample to tissue, but some ________ require surgery.
Biopsy
Cancer that originates in epithelial tissue (skin, glands, and lining of internal organs.)
Carcinoma
A naturally occurring substance found in plant foods that may help prevent and treat chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease; phyto means “plant”
Phytochemical
Accounts for about 12% of all new cancer diagnoses and is the most common cause of cancer death in the United States.
Lung Cancer
