HLA Genes/ Functions

Question 1

When foreign antigens enter the body they attach to ____

Answer 1

Dendritic cells

Question 2

Dendritic cells are ____ cells

Answer 2

Antigen presenting cells

Question 3

Dendritic cells take antigens into themselves and present them to _____

Answer 3

T cells

Question 4

The important antigen presenting cells (APC) are (3)

Answer 4

1) Dendritic cells
2) Macrophages/monocytes
3) B-lymphocytes

Question 5

Toll like receptors recognize _______

Answer 5

Toll like receptors recognize PAMS (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patters)

Question 6

Upon activation of Toll-like receptors, there is _____ production, which releases the cytokines ____ and _____. Also recruits other cytokines like chemokynes, IFN alpha and IFN beta, Il-6 to activate the bone marrow, and IL-12 to activate TH1 cells and NK cells

Answer 6

Upon activation of Toll-like receptors, there is cytokine production, which releases the cytokines IL-1 and TNF. Also recruits other cytokines like chemokynes, IFN alpha and IFN beta, Il-6 to activate the bone marrow, and IL-12 to activate TH1 cells and NK cells

Question 7

Functions of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF (3)

Answer 7

1) Increased adhesiveness of endothelial cells
2) Activation of the liver to release acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP).
3) Effect on the hypothalamus producing fever, depression and anorexia (“Sickness cytokines”)

Question 8

Measurement of CRP is a good indicator of level of _____

Answer 8

Measurement of CRP is a good indicator of level of activity disease

Question 9

IL1, IL6 and TNF cytokines activate ____ (organ) to release chemicals that recall ______

Answer 9

IL1, IL6 and TNF cytokines activate liver to release chemicals that recall acute phase proteins

Question 10

Cytokines that attract cells to a site

Answer 10

Chemokines

Question 11

Antiviral cytokines

Answer 11

IFN-alpha, IFN-beta

Question 12

Cytokine that activates the bone barrow and causes increase white cell count

Answer 12

IL-6

Question 13

Antigen presenting cells move to drain ____ and interact with _____

Answer 13

Antigen presenting cells more to drain lymph nodes and interact with T-cells

Question 14

Cytokine that helps with the interaction of APC with T cells

Answer 14

IL-12

Question 15

T-cells will only recognize antigens when they are presented inside ____

Answer 15

T-cells will only recognize antigens when they are presented inside MHCII molecules

Question 16

APC doesn’t eat antigen, but instead ____

Answer 16

APC doesn’t eat antigen, but instead chops it up and puts it in MHC molecules (MHCII)

Question 17

The MHC is an area on the ____ arm of the _____ human chromosome

Answer 17

The MHC is an area on the short arm of the 6th human chromosome

Question 18

MHC is also called _____

Answer 18

HLA complex

Question 19

The three genes of MHCI are ____, ____, ____

Answer 19

The three genes of MHCI are A, B, C

Question 20

The three genes of MHCII are ____, ____, ____

Answer 20

The three genes of MHCII are DP, DQ, DR

Question 21

Genes of the MHCII have a ___ and ___ subunit

Answer 21

Genes of the MHCII have a alpha and beta subunit

Question 22

MHC genes are the most _____ genes known in biology

Answer 22

MHC genes are the most polymorphic genes known in biology

Question 23

You inherit one MHC ____ from ____, and one MHC ____ from ____. These are called ____

Answer 23

You inherit one MHC gene from father, and one MHC gene from mother. These are called haplotypes

Question 24

Many haplotypes are _____ derived

Answer 24

Many haplotypes are ethnically derived

Question 25

HLA Class I alleles (#)

Answer 25

13,680

Question 26

HLA Class II alleles (#)

Answer 26

5,091

Question 27

MHC (HLA) proteins are the antigens on tissues that are recognized by a ____ immune response after a ____ procedure and causing ____ ____

Answer 27

MHC (HLA) proteins are the antigens on tissues that are recognized by a recipient’s immune response after a transplant procedure and causing transplant rejection

Question 28

____ molecules are found in all body tissues except ____

Answer 28

MHCI molecules are found in all body tissues except red blood cells

Question 29

Molecule that is constant in all MHCI molecules

Answer 29

B-microglobulin

Question 30

MHC Class II molecules are only found in ____

Answer 30

MHC Class II molecules are only found in antigen presenting cells

Question 31

Both MHC Class I and MHC Class II have a _____ binding cleft

Answer 31

Both MHC Class I and MHC Class II have a peptide binding cleft

Question 32

Peptide binding cleft of MHCI is produced by polymorphic ___ ____

Answer 32

Peptide binding cleft of MHCI is produced by polymorphic alpha chain

Question 33

Ankylosing Spondylitis is associated by ___

Answer 33

Anyloding Spondylities is associated by HLA B27

Question 34

Ankylosing Spondylitis causes _____

Answer 34

Ankylosing Spondylitis causes vertebrae spines to fuse together

Question 35

Narcolepsy is associated with____ and _____ (haplotypes)

Answer 35

Narcolepsy is associated with DR2 and DQ1

Question 36

Type 1 Diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus) is associated with ____ and ____

Answer 36

Type 1 Diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus) is associated with DR3 and DR4

Question 37

Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with _____

Answer 37

Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with HLA DR4