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hk 376 > hk 258 exam 2 > Flashcards

hk 258 exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 components of manual movement?

A
  1. visually locating a target
  2. transporting the arm and hand
  3. grasping the object
  4. manipulating the object
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2
Q

how are all reaches not the same?

A

vary on different factors which impact how a healthy adult reaches for an object

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3
Q

what are the different factors for reaches?

A

-motives
-static or moving object
-weight
-distance
-sharp/smooth
-speed of reach
-how long it takes you
-accelerating/decelerating

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4
Q

what are the typical kinematic variables that are measured in reaching research?

A

-peak velocity
-accelerative/decelerative time
-movement time
-straightness ratio
-average velocity
-movement units

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5
Q

what is the importance of reaching?

A

-discovery
-independent exploration
-achieving goals

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6
Q

what are the 3 stages of reaching?

A

-preaching
-visual guided reaching
-visually elicited reaching

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7
Q

Is Prereaching random?

A

no, they are bad since the babies don’t have enough postural support

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of prereaching?

A

-vision not used to guide hands to objects
-no correction mid course
-do not preshape hand
-rarely contact the target object

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9
Q

when does Prereaching start?

A

0-4 months of age

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10
Q

what is the old view of prereaching?

A

waving their arms, but no intention

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11
Q

what is the new view of prereaching?

A

trying to reach for objects

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12
Q

when does visually guided reaching start?

A

4-8 months

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13
Q

what are the two pieces of evidence that demonstrate that infants pay attention to the location of their hand in relationship to the object at this stage?

A

-auditory cues
-propecepive cues

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14
Q

what is visual guided reaching?

A

when infants use vision to grasp objects

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15
Q

what was the reaching In the dark experiments?

A

infants don’t need to see their hand to reach for object
4 different conditions
-2 in light/dark room
- large object= reaches with 2 hands
-small object= reaches with 1 hand

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16
Q

do infants need vision in order to grasp objects at the visually guided reaching stage?

A

no

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17
Q

when does visually elicited reaching start?

A

9+ months

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18
Q

what is visually elicited reaching?

A

no longer uses vision of hand to guide reach

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19
Q

what are the characteristics of the visually elicited reaching stage?

A

-only minor corrections needed
-no comparison of hand and object position

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20
Q

what are the characteristics of the visually guided reaching stage?

A

-making corrections
-adapt reach in response to a distorted visual field

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21
Q

how do infants transition between these stages?

A

-infants have to learn about the capability of their own body
-obsessive practice

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22
Q

what are the factors that influence reaching kinematics

A

-properties of object
-goal of the reach

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23
Q

what is the impact of goal on reach kinematics

A

precise action vs. non-precise action

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24
Q

what is precise action

A

reaching for ball and put in cup

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25
Q

what is non-precise action

A

reach for balance and throw the ball across the room

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26
Q

what is the key difference in between precise and non-precise action

A

the declarative phase

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27
Q

can infants plan ahead

A

yes
-reach faster if throwing ball
-did not find difference in decelerating phase

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28
Q

do infants adjust their reaches based on the goal of the task

A

yes
-difference in peak sizes
-higher peak= speed in throwing balls

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29
Q

what is the precise action in adults

A

longer declarative phase

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30
Q

what is the non-precise action in adults

A

higher peak velocity

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31
Q

what is the non-precise action in infants

A

higher peak velocity

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32
Q

what is the purpose of goal kinematics in special populations

A

allows us to examine the Motor planning deficits that may exists in developmental motor disorders

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33
Q

why do we study planning a reaching in children with cerebral palsy

A

to see if motor planning deficits or planning in advance

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34
Q

do children with CP plan their reaching movements in advance

A

-no, they do not have the ability
-need to break a sequence of events into individual segments

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35
Q

what was the tower building study

A

-2 yrs olds
-tasks: build tower of blocks as tall as they could ( no more than 10 blocks)
-looking for the placement phase of the reach

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36
Q

How do the high-tower builders and low-
tower builders differ in their kinematic profiles

A

the high= reach peak velocity at early reach
the low= reach peak velocity 1/2 way through reach

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37
Q

What might this mean for their motor abilities
long term

A

if we are not good at something at a young age it stays with us.

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38
Q

Which muscle groups are responsible for producing fine motor movements

A

small muscle groups
-hand and fingers

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38
Q

Which muscle groups are responsible for producing fine motor movements

A

small muscle groups
-hand and fingers

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39
Q

Why is it important to have good fine motor skills

A

for sports, games, exercise, fitness, academics, social development, self-care

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40
Q

what are the 2 types of basic grasps in infancy

A

-palmer grasp
-pincer grasp

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41
Q

what age does palmer grasp start for small objects

A

4-5 months

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42
Q

what is the palmer grasp used for

A

fill ups objects with hand and fingers and thumb wrap around

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43
Q

what age does palmer grasp start for large objects

A

9-10 months

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44
Q

what age does the pincer grasp start

A

9-10 months

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45
Q

what is the pincer grasp used for

A

self feeding

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45
Q

what is the pincer grasp

A

thumb and index finger to pick up objects

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46
Q

Why are handwriting skills important in development

A

-intellectual thought processes
-visual and perceptual processing
-movement control

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47
Q

what happens in children lag in handwritting development

A

-lag behind in other areas
-tied to academic performance
-movement disorders
- ASD

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48
Q

How do handwriting and drawing abilities development over time?

A

-simple scribbles
-shapes
-letters

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49
Q

what are the gender differences in handwriting and drawing development

A

girls show better legibility and speed of handwriting

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50
Q

what is the timeline of handwriting and drawing development

A

-improve in handwriting in 1st grade
-3rd grade is automatic skill

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51
Q

what are the external factors in handwriting performance

A

-sitting position
-chair and desk configuration
-type of writing implement
-environmental factors (light and noise)
-type of instruction
-amount of practice

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52
Q

what are the 3 stages of holding a writing implement

A

-supinated grasp
-pronated grasp
-tripod grasp (static, dynamic)

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53
Q

supinated grasp

A

-12-18 months
-hand in supine
(palm up, fist like grasp
-controlled by shoulder joint

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54
Q

pronated grasp

A

-2-3 yrs
-palm downwards
(index finger and thumb straight and fingers wrapped around)
-controlled by elbow joint

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55
Q

static tripod

A

-4yrs
- thumb, middle, index, finger
-controlled by wrist joint

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56
Q

dynamic tripod

A

-6/7 years old til adults
-thumb, middle, index, finger, (C shape)
-controlled with fingers

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57
Q

How does the proximodistal rule of motor development apply to the stages of
holding a writing implement

A

growth/control of segments of human body proceeds from the center/midline toward the periphery of the body/farthest from the body’s center (shoulder= center, fingers=distal)

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58
Q

How does the appearance of letters change as children transition through the
stages of holding a writing implement

A

-prontate= all uppercase and big letters
- static tripod = uppercase but smaller letters
-dynamic tripod= lowercase

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59
Q

When do children first write in lower-
case

A

in the dynamic tripod stage

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60
Q

what are the 4 stages of drawing

A

-scribbling
-combine
-aggregated
-pictorial

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61
Q

scribbling stage

A

-controlled from shoulder joint
-scribble accidentally

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62
Q

combine stage

A

-palm down
-elbow joint
-simple shapes/lines
-combine simple shapes together

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63
Q

aggregated stage

A

-control from wrist
-combine simple shapes together
-more complex

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64
Q

pictorial stage

A

-more pictures and complex
-control with fingers

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65
Q

why do children with ASD have difficulties in gross and fine motor and postural control with handwriting

A

coordinate and control

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66
Q

why do children with ASD have difficulties in sensory function especially proprioception with handwriting

A

can’t get it to be automatic process
can’t watch fingers as they write

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67
Q

why do children with ASD have difficulties visual perception with handwriting

A

how they see the wold
- difficult to focus on big picture
-too detailed oriented

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68
Q

how are children with ASD handwriting ability measured

A

legibility and speed
-they put a string of words together that dont make sense
-no spacing of letters

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69
Q

external threats to balance

A

happen to use outside in our environment (slip and fall, trips)

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70
Q

internal threats to balance

A

treats that we cause ourselves

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71
Q

external balance characteristics

A

-feedback control
-sensory info
-control our balance

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72
Q

internal balance characteristics

A

-feed forward processing
- anticipatory postural control
- stabilize body first before we preform movement

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73
Q

postural control

A

stable when the body’s center of mass is within the base of support

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74
Q

how do you measure postural stability

A

force plate and kinematic cameras

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75
Q

what does postural stability measure

A

-amount of postural sway
-anterior-posterior and medial-lateral direction

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76
Q

what happens if you have more postural sway

A

less stable

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77
Q

what happens if you have less postural sway

A

more stable

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78
Q

what does postural stability on a EMG do

A

how fast the postural muscles fire in response to perturbation (more stable)

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79
Q

factors that influence postural stability

A

-age
-muscle strength
-neural integrity
-skeletal health
-sensory acuity
-cognitive ability

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80
Q

responding to external threats to balance

A

-sensory system’s contribution to postural stability
-movement strategies to maintain balance

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81
Q

what sensory system contributes to postural stability in adults

A

-vestibular
-visual
-proprioceptive

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82
Q

what is the rules on posture in adults

A

1) what is the support surface
-more stable on solid
- if same surface go to 2
2) what is visual condition
-more stable with full vision
-less with no vision
- worse with inaccurate visual

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83
Q

who is more stable: both have no vision, but on is on foam surface

A

the one without the foam surface

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84
Q

who is more stable: both on foam surface, but one has inaccurate vision and one has no vision

A

the inaccurate one

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85
Q

who is more stable: one is with vision but on foam surface, one only has inaccurate vision

A

the one with inaccurate vision

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86
Q

what are the 3 strategies to maintain balance

A

ankle (small)
hip (medium)
stepping (large)

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87
Q

how should the postural muscles fire in ankle strategy

A

-most distal fires first: leg, thigh, trunk
-depending on direction impact which side fires first

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88
Q

how should the postural muscle fire in hip strategy

A

-upper body
-thigh and trunk fire at same time
-only one side fires at time (forward/backwards)

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89
Q

A college student slips on an icy sidewalk, medium threat to their balance. what strategy do they use, and what does the muscle firing pattern look like?

A

hip strategy
upper body

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90
Q

An adult is pushed while waiting in line, small threat to their balance. what strategy do they use, and what does the muscle firing pattern look like?

A

ankle
distal

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91
Q

anticipatory postural control in adults

A

-activates postural muscle first (stabilize body)
-then prime mover muscles (perform the action)

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92
Q

development of posture in children

A

necessary for development in motor milestones

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93
Q

body proportions and balance for babies

A

it is a problem due to their higher COM and smaller BOS

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94
Q

external threats to balance in children

A

-sensory system controlling balance
-movement strategies to maintain balance

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95
Q

internal threats to balance in children

A

anticipatory postural control

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96
Q

at what age are children more visually dominant than adults

A

4-6 yrs

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97
Q

at what age are children strategies like adult’s

A

after 7yrs

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98
Q

anticipatory postural control in babies

A

-activate trunk first then deltoids

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99
Q

a 4-month infant reaches for the ball
-external or internal threat
-type of strategy (prevention/recovery)
-muscle firing pattern

A

-threat: internal
-strategy: prevention
-muscle firing pattern: postural muscles first then prime mover muscles

100
Q

4 yrs old boy standing in line at preschool and a peer bumps into him (small size threat)
-external or internal threat
-type of strategy (prevention/recovery) and specific strategy
-muscle firing pattern

A

-threat: external
-strategy: recovery;ankle
-muscle firing pattern: coactivation, inconsistent, inapproate firing patter

101
Q

cephalocaudal development

A

head to toe

102
Q

why are motor milestones a thing

A

intentional
regulated by information from perceptual systems

103
Q

raising head and chest while prone

A

-2months
-control of neck
-able to see more in their enviornment

104
Q

maintaining head unwrite while in supported sitting position

A

-3 months
- seated position
-not worried about supporting their head
-control of head

105
Q

rolling over

A

-5-6 months
-first form of full Body locomotor movement

106
Q

stage 1 of sitting

A

-4-5 months
-not able to sit independently
-parent needs to support
-can’t sit longer than 10 sec

107
Q

stage 2 of sitting

A

-5-6 months
-can’t sit longer than 30 seconds
-form ring with legs
-exaggerated forward lean
-propping behavior
-both hands on the ground or legs

108
Q

stage 3 of sitting

A

-7-8 months
-hands are free
-completely up right
-feet extended
-longer than 30 sec.
-independent

109
Q

crawling (army)

A

-7-8 months
-belly touching ground and arms
-not worried about balance

110
Q

creeping

A

-around 9 months
-belly off ground
-postural and balance
-hand and knees crawling

111
Q

why do babies in warmer climates start to crawl and creep earlier

A

they type of clothing they are wearing

112
Q

how many different forms of crawling and creeping are there

A

25

113
Q

pull to stand

A

-9 to 10 months

114
Q

cruising

A

-10 to 11 months
-walking in lateral motion
-3 pts of contact with support surface
-pay mare attention to hand placement

115
Q

onset of walking

A

-9 to 17 months

116
Q

what are the 5 main things for on set walking

A

-central nervous system
-muscle strength (to support themselves)
-balance (high COM)
-sensory (visual system up to certain level)
-motivation (see things in their environment)

117
Q

2 challenges of onset walking

A

-sufficient leg strength
-capable of maintaining balance

118
Q

walking

A

first form of upright bipeds locomotion

119
Q

gait cycle in adults

A

20% double support
60% stance phase
40% swing phase

120
Q

infant’s first steps

A

-wont go far or fast
- gait stability not mobility

121
Q

measuring early locomotion

A

-stride length
-step width
-step length
-foot rotation
-dynamic base

122
Q

early walking characteristics

A

-short steps, small step length
- point feet outward
-flat footed takeoff and landing
-freezing degrees of freedom
-limited trunk movement
-large step width

123
Q

why do infants transition form crawling to walking

A

-go more
-see more
-play more
-interact more

124
Q

see more crawling vs. walking

A

-crawling: focused on ground in front of them
-walking: focus on where they are going, see more of world

125
Q

object sharing: crawling vs. walking

A

-crawling: engage in more stationary object bids
-walking: engage in more moving object

126
Q

maternal response to stationary object bids

A

-ignore
-affirm
-referential

127
Q

maternal response to moving object bids

A

-action directives

128
Q

improvements in walking

A

-step length increases
-step width decreases
-foot rotation decreases
-velocity increase
-swing time increases
-double support decreases

129
Q

factors that impact the onset of walking

A

genetic/chromosomal factos
environmental factors

130
Q

genetic/chromosomal factors

A

-walking at 2yrs
-poor muscle control

131
Q

treadmill training

A

-walk 6 month earlier
-improve coordination
-strengthen muscles
-wire up muscles and brain

132
Q

advance upright locomotion

A

running
6months after onset of walking

133
Q

fight phase running

A

both feet off the ground

134
Q

why does running emerge so soon after walking

A

share same pattern of inner limb coordination

135
Q

why don’t walking and running occur simultaneously

A

1) fight phase
-limb strength
2) running occurs much faster
- development of motor coordination

136
Q

running

A

-18th months of age
-focused of balance
-fall alot
- no flight phase
- fast walkers

137
Q

characteristic of immature running

A

-wide BOS
-wide step width
-outtoeing
-change in arm guard
-flat foot contact
-short step length

138
Q

stage 1 of running

A

-18 months
- fall a lot
- no flight phase
-flat foot
-high to middle arm guard

139
Q

stage 2 of running

A

-2 yrs
-start short flight phase
-flat foot
-hight to middle arm guard

140
Q

stage 3 of running

A

-3-4yrs old
-low arm guard
-increase stride length
-heal toe

141
Q

stage 4 of running

A

-5-7 years old
-adult like running

142
Q

What technology is used to study reaching kinematics

A

3D hight speed motion capture

143
Q

what are the units of the marker data

A

millimeters

144
Q

how do you calculate reach velocity

A

distance marker traveled / time

145
Q

what is peak velocity and how do you calculate it

A

max velocity

146
Q

how do you calculate accelerative time

A

time form start to peak

147
Q

how do you calculate decelerative Time

A

time from peak to end

148
Q

how do you calculate the start difference

A

start time of trunk and wrist

149
Q

how do you calculate the straightens ratio

A

total distance / straight line distance

150
Q

what is the unit of COP

A

pascal

151
Q

what was the equation for anticipatory response time

A

prime mover muscle contraction (deltoid) - postural contraction( calf)

152
Q

equation for motor time

A

prime muscle movement (arm)- prime mover muscle (deltoid)

153
Q

what is aging

A

diminished capacity to regulate the internal environment, resulting in a reduced probability of survival

154
Q

genetic aging

A

aging is programmed into our cell nucleus/genes

155
Q

non genetic aging

A

changes that occur outside our cell nucleus (lifestyle and environment)

156
Q

genetic theory example

A

biological clock

157
Q

nongenetic theory examples

A

wear and tear

158
Q

telomere therapy stop aging

A

telomeres become shorter and shorter once gets too short cell division stops

159
Q

antioxidants stop aging

A

-neutralize free radicals

160
Q

Bionic solution stop aging

A

-replace worn out organs
-clone organs to reduce rejection

161
Q

Restricting calories stop aging

A

starve lab rats live 30% longer than well fed rats
fewer free radical

162
Q

interindividual variability

A

larger amounts variability btw older individuals

163
Q

intraindividual variablilty

A

variability within an individual

164
Q

difference btw how stable and unstable older adults postural muscles respond to differently sized disturbances to balance

A

-small condition
SOA respond slower than UOA

-large condition
UOA loose balance and fall over

165
Q

difference btw chronological age and physiological age

A

-chronological=how many years old we are
-physiological= how healthy our indv. body system is

166
Q

individual physiological systems and rate of decline

A

-female bones age before other body systems
-musculoskeletal
-joint flexibility
-body composition
-cardiovascular

167
Q

can the detrimental effects of age on the individual physiological systems be reduced? how?

A

-maintain an active life style

168
Q

what are the consequences of falling for older adults

A

-may never regain functional walking
-fractured hip
-diminished confidence
-fear of falling

169
Q

risk factors for falling for older adults

A

-age
-sex
-obesity
-psychological factors
-drugs
-environmental factors
-physiological factors
-disease

170
Q

walking in older adults

A

-gait changes

171
Q

muscular and skeletal changes in postural stability in older individuals

A

-40% decrease in strength btw 30-80yrs
-decrease in ROM
-more co contraction

172
Q

sensory changes in older individuals

A

-vision
-proprioceptive
-vestibular

173
Q

how does postural sway in older adults differ from younger adults under the various sensory manipulations

A

sway more

174
Q

cognitive changes and how these changes influence postural control in older adults

A

-number of brain cells and synapses decrease
-lead to decreased cognitive resources which may influence postural control
-unstable when doing or thinking about something else

175
Q

rehab techniques

A

oven mit

176
Q

socialization

A

process of learning who we are and how we are connected to our social world

177
Q

at what age does self- recognition emerge

A

18 months

178
Q

how is self-recognition tested

A

take infant and mark infants nose and place in front of mirror

179
Q

in what ways do parent’s influence their child’s socialization

A

-direct training
-role models
-selecting early peer networks

180
Q

in what ways do peer’s influence socialization

A

-models
-reinforcers

181
Q

what motor skill is tied to the onset of separation anxiety

A

-8 months peaks at 10-18
-crawling

182
Q

Icy sloe study

A

baby is going down slope that she know she can do and the mother is trying stop her but she does not listen. only unsure about own abilities

183
Q

shopping cart study

A

trying to get the cart to the mom but the cart is attached to a rug and the baby is standing on the rug

184
Q

what factors influence self-control and self regulation

A

-age
-maturity
-gender

185
Q

motor development

A

the study of the changes in human motor behavior across the life-span

186
Q

reasons to study motor development

A

-role as a parent
-appropriate educational techniques
-clinical interventions
-understanding human nature

187
Q

traditional views of motor development

A

-children
-the motor milestones occurring
-thought they knew the why happened

188
Q

modern views of motor development

A

-entire lifespan
-is the underlying mechanisms
-environmental factors

189
Q

nature

A

biological factors of genes

190
Q

nurture

A

environmental component

191
Q

what side of the debate was Plato on

A

nature

192
Q

what side of the debate was Aristole/John Locke on

A

nurture

193
Q

what do newborns know

A

-mom’s voice
-tongue
-human face

194
Q

nature extreme view

A

-eugenics
-design babies

195
Q

nurture extreme view

A

-“protective of child to try to give “edge” on society
-baby Einstein videos
-baby words learning

196
Q

super baby myths huttenlocher

A

study of baby synaptic growth

197
Q

super baby myth Greenough

A

study of rats raised in different enviornments

198
Q

can early stimulation programs be harmful

A

yes

199
Q

head start programs

A

-give financially disadvantaged preschool-age children a “head start” in education

200
Q

twin study

A

-nature vs. nurture
-major milesstones reached at the same age

201
Q

scientific method

A

all beliefs no matter how probable may be wrong

202
Q

steps in testing hypothesis

A

-choose a question
-formulate a hypothesis
-test hypothesis
-draw a conclusion by using data

203
Q

reliability

A

consistency of measurements
(bathroom scale with different measurements)

204
Q

validity

A

does it measure what it is intended to measure

205
Q

internal validity

A

is change really due to manipulations

206
Q

external validation

A

can results be extended beyond test population

207
Q

correlation

A

-direction
-strength

208
Q

what can correlation not tell us about the 2 variables

A

correlation does not = causation
(3rd variable problem)

209
Q

independent variable

A

what is being changed

210
Q

dependent variable

A

outcome

211
Q

longitudinal

A

same participants tested repeatedly over period of time

212
Q

negatives of longitudinal

A

-time
-more people drop out of study

213
Q

cross sectional

A

data collected on different groups of participants at varying age levels at the same point in time

214
Q

kinematic motion capture systems

A

-3D human movement
-multiple camera systems

215
Q

force plates

A

measures the kinetics of forces that cause motion

216
Q

eye tracking

A

allows researchers to assess where infants/ children are looking during various cognitive or motor activites

217
Q

EEG

A

electrophysiological response to stimulus

218
Q

EMG

A

-electromyography
-looking at which mutes activate
-order of activation
-how fast
-well postural controls work

219
Q

reflexes

A

stereotyped involuntary reactions produced by the body in response to a specific external stimuli

220
Q

spontaneous movements

A

random movement that are not caused by any known external stimuli

221
Q

infants reflex

A

-dont last beyond the first year

222
Q

purpose of infant reflexes

A

-build- in responses facilitating survival
-provides interactions with environment
-experiencing sensory consequences
-building block for future movements

223
Q

lifespan reflexes

A

-measure nervous system
-knee jerk
-eye blink
-flexor redraw
-reaction time 2000 ms

224
Q

theories to how reflexes lead to voluntary behavior

A

-wiring up the brain for movement
-strengthen muscles

225
Q

why study infant reflexes

A

-dominant form of movement in early infancy
-nourishment
-diagnostic tools

226
Q

factors associated with neurological dysfunction when using reflexes as a diagnostic tool

A

-preservation
-absence
-unequal bilateral response
-not conforming to relative amplitude of response norms

227
Q

preformation

A

is individual preformed already

228
Q

epigenesis

A

do individuals parts develop in succession

229
Q

women gametes

A

-eggs
-X

230
Q

men gametes

A

-sperm
-XY

231
Q

Zygotes

A

gametes combine to make fertilized eggs

232
Q

male sperms

A

-y chromosomes
-swim fast
-genetically weak

233
Q

female sperms

A

-x chromosomes
-swim slow
-genetically strong

234
Q

maternal factors

A

-age (35+)
-nutrition (folic acid)
-obesity
-stress
-neural tube disease

235
Q

natural tube disease

A

lack of sufficient folic acid can lead to malformation of neural tube

236
Q

3 layers of neural tube

A

-ectoderm (skin)
-mesoderm (skeletal system)
-endoderm (digestive system)

237
Q

fetal programming

A

linking environmental conditions during prenatal development with risk of diseases later in life

238
Q

senstation

A

the processing of basic information from the external world by sensory receptors in the sense organs and brain

239
Q

perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting the sensory information

240
Q

how is infant vision measured

A

preferential- looking technique
grating acuity

241
Q

legal blind children

A

20/200- 20/400

242
Q

motor development of vision loss after 5 years

A

not going to have many different with motor Development since early visual experiences to fall back on

243
Q

motor development vision loss before 5 years old

A

not a visual map of environment

244
Q

why do motor delays exist in blind children

A

no motivation to move around their environment

245
Q

visual cliff

A

-new crawlers
crawl right over it
- experience crawlers
refuse to cross

246
Q

heart rate in visual cliff

A

-decrease when baby moves from shallow to deep side
-difference in stimulus

247
Q

proprioception

A

awareness of one’s movement

248
Q

organs involved in proprioception

A

-semicircular canals
-otoliths
-skin
-muscle receptors
-joint receptors

249
Q

cutaneous system

A

-tactile sensitivity
-response to tactile stimulation
-balance
-grasping
-first sensory system to develop in womb

250
Q

Therapies with premature infants

A

-compensatory stimulation (duplicated womb like)
-enriching stimulation (normative newborn experiences)
-touch (kangaroo and infant massage

hk 376 (4 decks)

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