hk 258 exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 4 components of manual movement?
A
- visually locating a target
- transporting the arm and hand
- grasping the object
- manipulating the object
2
Q
how are all reaches not the same?
A
vary on different factors which impact how a healthy adult reaches for an object
3
Q
what are the different factors for reaches?
A
-motives
-static or moving object
-weight
-distance
-sharp/smooth
-speed of reach
-how long it takes you
-accelerating/decelerating
4
Q
what are the typical kinematic variables that are measured in reaching research?
A
-peak velocity
-accelerative/decelerative time
-movement time
-straightness ratio
-average velocity
-movement units
5
Q
what is the importance of reaching?
A
-discovery
-independent exploration
-achieving goals
6
Q
what are the 3 stages of reaching?
A
-preaching
-visual guided reaching
-visually elicited reaching
7
Q
Is Prereaching random?
A
no, they are bad since the babies don’t have enough postural support
8
Q
what are the characteristics of prereaching?
A
-vision not used to guide hands to objects
-no correction mid course
-do not preshape hand
-rarely contact the target object
9
Q
when does Prereaching start?
A
0-4 months of age
10
Q
what is the old view of prereaching?
A
waving their arms, but no intention
11
Q
what is the new view of prereaching?
A
trying to reach for objects
12
Q
when does visually guided reaching start?
A
4-8 months
13
Q
what are the two pieces of evidence that demonstrate that infants pay attention to the location of their hand in relationship to the object at this stage?
A
-auditory cues
-propecepive cues
14
Q
what is visual guided reaching?
A
when infants use vision to grasp objects
15
Q
what was the reaching In the dark experiments?
A
infants don’t need to see their hand to reach for object
4 different conditions
-2 in light/dark room
- large object= reaches with 2 hands
-small object= reaches with 1 hand
16
Q
do infants need vision in order to grasp objects at the visually guided reaching stage?
A
no
17
Q
when does visually elicited reaching start?
A
9+ months
18
Q
what is visually elicited reaching?
A
no longer uses vision of hand to guide reach
19
Q
what are the characteristics of the visually elicited reaching stage?
A
-only minor corrections needed
-no comparison of hand and object position
20
Q
what are the characteristics of the visually guided reaching stage?
A
-making corrections
-adapt reach in response to a distorted visual field
21
Q
how do infants transition between these stages?
A
-infants have to learn about the capability of their own body
-obsessive practice
22
Q
what are the factors that influence reaching kinematics
A
-properties of object
-goal of the reach
23
Q
what is the impact of goal on reach kinematics
A
precise action vs. non-precise action
24
Q
what is precise action
A
reaching for ball and put in cup
25
what is non-precise action
reach for balance and throw the ball across the room
26
what is the key difference in between precise and non-precise action
the declarative phase
27
can infants plan ahead
yes
-reach faster if throwing ball
-did not find difference in decelerating phase
28
do infants adjust their reaches based on the goal of the task
yes
-difference in peak sizes
-higher peak= speed in throwing balls
29
what is the precise action in adults
longer declarative phase
30
what is the non-precise action in adults
higher peak velocity
31
what is the non-precise action in infants
higher peak velocity
32
what is the purpose of goal kinematics in special populations
allows us to examine the Motor planning deficits that may exists in developmental motor disorders
33
why do we study planning a reaching in children with cerebral palsy
to see if motor planning deficits or planning in advance
34
do children with CP plan their reaching movements in advance
-no, they do not have the ability
-need to break a sequence of events into individual segments
35
what was the tower building study
-2 yrs olds
-tasks: build tower of blocks as tall as they could ( no more than 10 blocks)
-looking for the placement phase of the reach
36
How do the high-tower builders and low-
tower builders differ in their kinematic profiles
the high= reach peak velocity at early reach
the low= reach peak velocity 1/2 way through reach
37
What might this mean for their motor abilities
long term
if we are not good at something at a young age it stays with us.
38
Which muscle groups are responsible for producing fine motor movements
small muscle groups
-hand and fingers
38
Which muscle groups are responsible for producing fine motor movements
small muscle groups
-hand and fingers
39
Why is it important to have good fine motor skills
for sports, games, exercise, fitness, academics, social development, self-care
40
what are the 2 types of basic grasps in infancy
-palmer grasp
-pincer grasp
41
what age does palmer grasp start for small objects
4-5 months
42
what is the palmer grasp used for
fill ups objects with hand and fingers and thumb wrap around
43
what age does palmer grasp start for large objects
9-10 months
44
what age does the pincer grasp start
9-10 months
45
what is the pincer grasp used for
self feeding
45
what is the pincer grasp
thumb and index finger to pick up objects
46
Why are handwriting skills important in development
-intellectual thought processes
-visual and perceptual processing
-movement control
47
what happens in children lag in handwritting development
-lag behind in other areas
-tied to academic performance
-movement disorders
- ASD
48
How do handwriting and drawing abilities development over time?
-simple scribbles
-shapes
-letters
49
what are the gender differences in handwriting and drawing development
girls show better legibility and speed of handwriting
50
what is the timeline of handwriting and drawing development
-improve in handwriting in 1st grade
-3rd grade is automatic skill
51
what are the external factors in handwriting performance
-sitting position
-chair and desk configuration
-type of writing implement
-environmental factors (light and noise)
-type of instruction
-amount of practice
52
what are the 3 stages of holding a writing implement
-supinated grasp
-pronated grasp
-tripod grasp (static, dynamic)
53
supinated grasp
-12-18 months
-hand in supine
(palm up, fist like grasp
-controlled by shoulder joint
54
pronated grasp
-2-3 yrs
-palm downwards
(index finger and thumb straight and fingers wrapped around)
-controlled by elbow joint
55
static tripod
-4yrs
- thumb, middle, index, finger
-controlled by wrist joint
56
dynamic tripod
-6/7 years old til adults
-thumb, middle, index, finger, (C shape)
-controlled with fingers
57
How does the proximodistal rule of motor development apply to the stages of
holding a writing implement
growth/control of segments of human body proceeds from the center/midline toward the periphery of the body/farthest from the body's center (shoulder= center, fingers=distal)
58
How does the appearance of letters change as children transition through the
stages of holding a writing implement
-prontate= all uppercase and big letters
- static tripod = uppercase but smaller letters
-dynamic tripod= lowercase
59
When do children first write in lower-
case
in the dynamic tripod stage
60
what are the 4 stages of drawing
-scribbling
-combine
-aggregated
-pictorial
61
scribbling stage
-controlled from shoulder joint
-scribble accidentally
62
combine stage
-palm down
-elbow joint
-simple shapes/lines
-combine simple shapes together
63
aggregated stage
-control from wrist
-combine simple shapes together
-more complex
64
pictorial stage
-more pictures and complex
-control with fingers
65
why do children with ASD have difficulties in gross and fine motor and postural control with handwriting
coordinate and control
66
why do children with ASD have difficulties in sensory function especially proprioception with handwriting
can't get it to be automatic process
can't watch fingers as they write
67
why do children with ASD have difficulties visual perception with handwriting
how they see the wold
- difficult to focus on big picture
-too detailed oriented
68
how are children with ASD handwriting ability measured
legibility and speed
-they put a string of words together that dont make sense
-no spacing of letters
69
external threats to balance
happen to use outside in our environment (slip and fall, trips)
70
internal threats to balance
treats that we cause ourselves
71
external balance characteristics
-feedback control
-sensory info
-control our balance
72
internal balance characteristics
-feed forward processing
- anticipatory postural control
- stabilize body first before we preform movement
73
postural control
stable when the body's center of mass is within the base of support
74
how do you measure postural stability
force plate and kinematic cameras
75
what does postural stability measure
-amount of postural sway
-anterior-posterior and medial-lateral direction
76
what happens if you have more postural sway
less stable
77
what happens if you have less postural sway
more stable
78
what does postural stability on a EMG do
how fast the postural muscles fire in response to perturbation (more stable)
79
factors that influence postural stability
-age
-muscle strength
-neural integrity
-skeletal health
-sensory acuity
-cognitive ability
80
responding to external threats to balance
-sensory system's contribution to postural stability
-movement strategies to maintain balance
81
what sensory system contributes to postural stability in adults
-vestibular
-visual
-proprioceptive
82
what is the rules on posture in adults
1) what is the support surface
-more stable on solid
- if same surface go to 2
2) what is visual condition
-more stable with full vision
-less with no vision
- worse with inaccurate visual
83
who is more stable: both have no vision, but on is on foam surface
the one without the foam surface
84
who is more stable: both on foam surface, but one has inaccurate vision and one has no vision
the inaccurate one
85
who is more stable: one is with vision but on foam surface, one only has inaccurate vision
the one with inaccurate vision
86
what are the 3 strategies to maintain balance
ankle (small)
hip (medium)
stepping (large)
87
how should the postural muscles fire in ankle strategy
-most distal fires first: leg, thigh, trunk
-depending on direction impact which side fires first
88
how should the postural muscle fire in hip strategy
-upper body
-thigh and trunk fire at same time
-only one side fires at time (forward/backwards)
89
A college student slips on an icy sidewalk, medium threat to their balance. what strategy do they use, and what does the muscle firing pattern look like?
hip strategy
upper body
90
An adult is pushed while waiting in line, small threat to their balance. what strategy do they use, and what does the muscle firing pattern look like?
ankle
distal
91
anticipatory postural control in adults
-activates postural muscle first (stabilize body)
-then prime mover muscles (perform the action)
92
development of posture in children
necessary for development in motor milestones
93
body proportions and balance for babies
it is a problem due to their higher COM and smaller BOS
94
external threats to balance in children
-sensory system controlling balance
-movement strategies to maintain balance
95
internal threats to balance in children
anticipatory postural control
96
at what age are children more visually dominant than adults
4-6 yrs
97
at what age are children strategies like adult's
after 7yrs
98
anticipatory postural control in babies
-activate trunk first then deltoids
99
a 4-month infant reaches for the ball
-external or internal threat
-type of strategy (prevention/recovery)
-muscle firing pattern
-threat: internal
-strategy: prevention
-muscle firing pattern: postural muscles first then prime mover muscles
100
4 yrs old boy standing in line at preschool and a peer bumps into him (small size threat)
-external or internal threat
-type of strategy (prevention/recovery) and specific strategy
-muscle firing pattern
-threat: external
-strategy: recovery;ankle
-muscle firing pattern: coactivation, inconsistent, inapproate firing patter
101
cephalocaudal development
head to toe
102
why are motor milestones a thing
intentional
regulated by information from perceptual systems
103
raising head and chest while prone
-2months
-control of neck
-able to see more in their enviornment
104
maintaining head unwrite while in supported sitting position
-3 months
- seated position
-not worried about supporting their head
-control of head
105
rolling over
-5-6 months
-first form of full Body locomotor movement
106
stage 1 of sitting
-4-5 months
-not able to sit independently
-parent needs to support
-can't sit longer than 10 sec
107
stage 2 of sitting
-5-6 months
-can't sit longer than 30 seconds
-form ring with legs
-exaggerated forward lean
-propping behavior
-both hands on the ground or legs
108
stage 3 of sitting
-7-8 months
-hands are free
-completely up right
-feet extended
-longer than 30 sec.
-independent
109
crawling (army)
-7-8 months
-belly touching ground and arms
-not worried about balance
110
creeping
-around 9 months
-belly off ground
-postural and balance
-hand and knees crawling
111
why do babies in warmer climates start to crawl and creep earlier
they type of clothing they are wearing
112
how many different forms of crawling and creeping are there
25
113
pull to stand
-9 to 10 months
114
cruising
-10 to 11 months
-walking in lateral motion
-3 pts of contact with support surface
-pay mare attention to hand placement
115
onset of walking
-9 to 17 months
116
what are the 5 main things for on set walking
-central nervous system
-muscle strength (to support themselves)
-balance (high COM)
-sensory (visual system up to certain level)
-motivation (see things in their environment)
117
2 challenges of onset walking
-sufficient leg strength
-capable of maintaining balance
118
walking
first form of upright bipeds locomotion
119
gait cycle in adults
20% double support
60% stance phase
40% swing phase
120
infant's first steps
-wont go far or fast
- gait stability not mobility
121
measuring early locomotion
-stride length
-step width
-step length
-foot rotation
-dynamic base
122
early walking characteristics
-short steps, small step length
- point feet outward
-flat footed takeoff and landing
-freezing degrees of freedom
-limited trunk movement
-large step width
123
why do infants transition form crawling to walking
-go more
-see more
-play more
-interact more
124
see more crawling vs. walking
-crawling: focused on ground in front of them
-walking: focus on where they are going, see more of world
125
object sharing: crawling vs. walking
-crawling: engage in more stationary object bids
-walking: engage in more moving object
126
maternal response to stationary object bids
-ignore
-affirm
-referential
127
maternal response to moving object bids
-action directives
128
improvements in walking
-step length increases
-step width decreases
-foot rotation decreases
-velocity increase
-swing time increases
-double support decreases
129
factors that impact the onset of walking
genetic/chromosomal factos
environmental factors
130
genetic/chromosomal factors
-walking at 2yrs
-poor muscle control
131
treadmill training
-walk 6 month earlier
-improve coordination
-strengthen muscles
-wire up muscles and brain
132
advance upright locomotion
running
6months after onset of walking
133
fight phase running
both feet off the ground
134
why does running emerge so soon after walking
share same pattern of inner limb coordination
135
why don't walking and running occur simultaneously
1) fight phase
-limb strength
2) running occurs much faster
- development of motor coordination
136
running
-18th months of age
-focused of balance
-fall alot
- no flight phase
- fast walkers
137
characteristic of immature running
-wide BOS
-wide step width
-outtoeing
-change in arm guard
-flat foot contact
-short step length
138
stage 1 of running
-18 months
- fall a lot
- no flight phase
-flat foot
-high to middle arm guard
139
stage 2 of running
-2 yrs
-start short flight phase
-flat foot
-hight to middle arm guard
140
stage 3 of running
-3-4yrs old
-low arm guard
-increase stride length
-heal toe
141
stage 4 of running
-5-7 years old
-adult like running
142
What technology is used to study reaching kinematics
3D hight speed motion capture
143
what are the units of the marker data
millimeters
144
how do you calculate reach velocity
distance marker traveled / time
145
what is peak velocity and how do you calculate it
max velocity
146
how do you calculate accelerative time
time form start to peak
147
how do you calculate decelerative Time
time from peak to end
148
how do you calculate the start difference
start time of trunk and wrist
149
how do you calculate the straightens ratio
total distance / straight line distance
150
what is the unit of COP
pascal
151
what was the equation for anticipatory response time
prime mover muscle contraction (deltoid) - postural contraction( calf)
152
equation for motor time
prime muscle movement (arm)- prime mover muscle (deltoid)
153
what is aging
diminished capacity to regulate the internal environment, resulting in a reduced probability of survival
154
genetic aging
aging is programmed into our cell nucleus/genes
155
non genetic aging
changes that occur outside our cell nucleus (lifestyle and environment)
156
genetic theory example
biological clock
157
nongenetic theory examples
wear and tear
158
telomere therapy stop aging
telomeres become shorter and shorter once gets too short cell division stops
159
antioxidants stop aging
-neutralize free radicals
160
Bionic solution stop aging
-replace worn out organs
-clone organs to reduce rejection
161
Restricting calories stop aging
starve lab rats live 30% longer than well fed rats
fewer free radical
162
interindividual variability
larger amounts variability btw older individuals
163
intraindividual variablilty
variability within an individual
164
difference btw how stable and unstable older adults postural muscles respond to differently sized disturbances to balance
-small condition
SOA respond slower than UOA
-large condition
UOA loose balance and fall over
165
difference btw chronological age and physiological age
-chronological=how many years old we are
-physiological= how healthy our indv. body system is
166
individual physiological systems and rate of decline
-female bones age before other body systems
-musculoskeletal
-joint flexibility
-body composition
-cardiovascular
167
can the detrimental effects of age on the individual physiological systems be reduced? how?
-maintain an active life style
168
what are the consequences of falling for older adults
-may never regain functional walking
-fractured hip
-diminished confidence
-fear of falling
169
risk factors for falling for older adults
-age
-sex
-obesity
-psychological factors
-drugs
-environmental factors
-physiological factors
-disease
170
walking in older adults
-gait changes
171
muscular and skeletal changes in postural stability in older individuals
-40% decrease in strength btw 30-80yrs
-decrease in ROM
-more co contraction
172
sensory changes in older individuals
-vision
-proprioceptive
-vestibular
173
how does postural sway in older adults differ from younger adults under the various sensory manipulations
sway more
174
cognitive changes and how these changes influence postural control in older adults
-number of brain cells and synapses decrease
-lead to decreased cognitive resources which may influence postural control
-unstable when doing or thinking about something else
175
rehab techniques
oven mit
176
socialization
process of learning who we are and how we are connected to our social world
177
at what age does self- recognition emerge
18 months
178
how is self-recognition tested
take infant and mark infants nose and place in front of mirror
179
in what ways do parent's influence their child's socialization
-direct training
-role models
-selecting early peer networks
180
in what ways do peer's influence socialization
-models
-reinforcers
181
what motor skill is tied to the onset of separation anxiety
-8 months peaks at 10-18
-crawling
182
Icy sloe study
baby is going down slope that she know she can do and the mother is trying stop her but she does not listen. only unsure about own abilities
183
shopping cart study
trying to get the cart to the mom but the cart is attached to a rug and the baby is standing on the rug
184
what factors influence self-control and self regulation
-age
-maturity
-gender
185
motor development
the study of the changes in human motor behavior across the life-span
186
reasons to study motor development
-role as a parent
-appropriate educational techniques
-clinical interventions
-understanding human nature
187
traditional views of motor development
-children
-the motor milestones occurring
-thought they knew the why happened
188
modern views of motor development
-entire lifespan
-is the underlying mechanisms
-environmental factors
189
nature
biological factors of genes
190
nurture
environmental component
191
what side of the debate was Plato on
nature
192
what side of the debate was Aristole/John Locke on
nurture
193
what do newborns know
-mom's voice
-tongue
-human face
194
nature extreme view
-eugenics
-design babies
195
nurture extreme view
-"protective of child to try to give "edge" on society
-baby Einstein videos
-baby words learning
196
super baby myths huttenlocher
study of baby synaptic growth
197
super baby myth Greenough
study of rats raised in different enviornments
198
can early stimulation programs be harmful
yes
199
head start programs
-give financially disadvantaged preschool-age children a "head start" in education
200
twin study
-nature vs. nurture
-major milesstones reached at the same age
201
scientific method
all beliefs no matter how probable may be wrong
202
steps in testing hypothesis
-choose a question
-formulate a hypothesis
-test hypothesis
-draw a conclusion by using data
203
reliability
consistency of measurements
(bathroom scale with different measurements)
204
validity
does it measure what it is intended to measure
205
internal validity
is change really due to manipulations
206
external validation
can results be extended beyond test population
207
correlation
-direction
-strength
208
what can correlation not tell us about the 2 variables
correlation does not = causation
(3rd variable problem)
209
independent variable
what is being changed
210
dependent variable
outcome
211
longitudinal
same participants tested repeatedly over period of time
212
negatives of longitudinal
-time
-more people drop out of study
213
cross sectional
data collected on different groups of participants at varying age levels at the same point in time
214
kinematic motion capture systems
-3D human movement
-multiple camera systems
215
force plates
measures the kinetics of forces that cause motion
216
eye tracking
allows researchers to assess where infants/ children are looking during various cognitive or motor activites
217
EEG
electrophysiological response to stimulus
218
EMG
-electromyography
-looking at which mutes activate
-order of activation
-how fast
-well postural controls work
219
reflexes
stereotyped involuntary reactions produced by the body in response to a specific external stimuli
220
spontaneous movements
random movement that are not caused by any known external stimuli
221
infants reflex
-dont last beyond the first year
222
purpose of infant reflexes
-build- in responses facilitating survival
-provides interactions with environment
-experiencing sensory consequences
-building block for future movements
223
lifespan reflexes
-measure nervous system
-knee jerk
-eye blink
-flexor redraw
-reaction time 2000 ms
224
theories to how reflexes lead to voluntary behavior
-wiring up the brain for movement
-strengthen muscles
225
why study infant reflexes
-dominant form of movement in early infancy
-nourishment
-diagnostic tools
226
factors associated with neurological dysfunction when using reflexes as a diagnostic tool
-preservation
-absence
-unequal bilateral response
-not conforming to relative amplitude of response norms
227
preformation
is individual preformed already
228
epigenesis
do individuals parts develop in succession
229
women gametes
-eggs
-X
230
men gametes
-sperm
-XY
231
Zygotes
gametes combine to make fertilized eggs
232
male sperms
-y chromosomes
-swim fast
-genetically weak
233
female sperms
-x chromosomes
-swim slow
-genetically strong
234
maternal factors
-age (35+)
-nutrition (folic acid)
-obesity
-stress
-neural tube disease
235
natural tube disease
lack of sufficient folic acid can lead to malformation of neural tube
236
3 layers of neural tube
-ectoderm (skin)
-mesoderm (skeletal system)
-endoderm (digestive system)
237
fetal programming
linking environmental conditions during prenatal development with risk of diseases later in life
238
senstation
the processing of basic information from the external world by sensory receptors in the sense organs and brain
239
perception
the process of organizing and interpreting the sensory information
240
how is infant vision measured
preferential- looking technique
grating acuity
241
legal blind children
20/200- 20/400
242
motor development of vision loss after 5 years
not going to have many different with motor Development since early visual experiences to fall back on
243
motor development vision loss before 5 years old
not a visual map of environment
244
why do motor delays exist in blind children
no motivation to move around their environment
245
visual cliff
-new crawlers
crawl right over it
- experience crawlers
refuse to cross
246
heart rate in visual cliff
-decrease when baby moves from shallow to deep side
-difference in stimulus
247
proprioception
awareness of one's movement
248
organs involved in proprioception
-semicircular canals
-otoliths
-skin
-muscle receptors
-joint receptors
249
cutaneous system
-tactile sensitivity
-response to tactile stimulation
-balance
-grasping
-first sensory system to develop in womb
250
Therapies with premature infants
-compensatory stimulation (duplicated womb like)
-enriching stimulation (normative newborn experiences)
-touch (kangaroo and infant massage
