exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
what were some social developments after WWII
A
-challenges to racial discrimination and segregation
-got more people involved in an interested in sports
2
Q
what were some political developments after WWII
A
-cold war intensified US identification with competitive sports
-contrast btw political ideals
-victories =success of their system
3
Q
what were some economic developments after WWII
A
-expand economy
-incomes increase
-TVs in more house holds
-eventually sports a part of that and their lives there
4
Q
what affluence of suburbanization have on the economy
A
stronger, higher incomes, move to suburbs, single family homes
5
Q
what affluence of suburbanization have on sports
A
-pro teams
-civic spirit
-big city leaders
-teams moved
-stadium building binge, outside city limits
6
Q
why did many sports teams move
A
-more money
-better facilities
7
Q
when did television transform american life
A
1956
8
Q
how many american families owned tvs
A
75%
9
Q
how many hours did americans watch purposeful watching on tv
A
35 hours per week
10
Q
what shifted leisure
A
-tv
-autos
-central heat
-ac
-bigger homes and yards
11
Q
what was home for
A
entertainment center
12
Q
what did tv focus on
A
-children and families togetherness
-individual households together
13
Q
how did tv transform sports
A
-fans at home
-attract more viewers
-nationalization and globalization of sports teams
14
Q
how did tv attract viewers
A
-commercial sponsors
-multiple cameras
-replays
-slow mo
-flashy graphics
-catchy music
-charismatic announcers
15
Q
how did tv help teams attract viewers and fans
A
-faster games
-timeouts for commercials
-lengthy playoff system
-super bowl at present location
16
Q
who was Roone Arlege
A
-producer of:
-1968,1972,1976 Olympics
-wide world of sports
-monday night football for ABC
17
Q
how did ABC help sports
A
-get audience involved emotionally
-capture full ambience of games
-made sports important to TV
-big increase in TV contracts (more $ for training and play)
18
Q
how did they capture full ambience of games
A
-views of stadiums
-held hand cameras for close ups
-microphones for sounds
-made audience part of performance
19
Q
what happened in 1960s
A
-civil rights movement
-sport one focus
- more AAs prominent in sports and advocated for more change
20
Q
what was the women’s liberation
A
title IX in 1972
21
Q
what did title IX lead to
A
greater participation at all levels of girls/women in sports
22
Q
gambling scandals in college basketball
A
showed corruption of american society, promoting gain over intellectual and moral quality
23
Q
what was the counterculture movement
A
-opposed materialism
-criticized violent sports
-promoted alternative sports (ultimate frisbee)
24
Q
what were some situations athletes criticized
A
racism in NBA
violence in NFL
25
what is Title IX of the education amendment act of 1972
no person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded for participation in, be denied the benefits of; or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.
26
What is "me" generation
-focus on self-sufficiency and individual well-being
-while contagious diseases under control, not lifestyle ones like cancer
27
when was the individual fitness-running boom
1970's
28
what did the "me" generation increase
YMCA, YWCA, health club memberships
29
what was doing more in the "me" generation
-running marathons, triathlons
-new clubs
-magazines
-special diets
-shoes
-clothes
30
political retrenchment in 1980
Ronald Reagan continued to focus on self-sufficiency and success
31
what was political retrenchment in 1960s
celebrated competitive person with vision of ordered, harmonious society
32
how did political retrenchment affect sports
-slowing federal efforts to expand opportunities for women
-encouraged growth of new sports
-oriented businesses
33
cable and internet in 1970-80s
technological advancements led to expansion of televised sports
34
what led the way to cable network systems
-satellite communication in 1974
-end of legal restrictions on cable tv in 1977
35
when was ESPN founded
1979
36
what did ESPN do for fans and athletes
-gave American athletes a worldwide audience
-fan could spend endless time on sports following teams and athletes
37
where did pro football start
Ohio and Pennsylvania mine and mill towns
38
what year was the national football league formed
1920
38
what year was the national football league formed
1920
39
why did the football flourish after WWII
-management
-tv
40
why did management flourish after WWII
-common owners (Irish catholics)
-delegated authority
-united; reduced international competition, maxed profits
41
why was football suited for TV
-physical
-recurring crises of 1st downs
-announcers explaining game in down time for drama
42
how did technological advances help football
-instant replays
-color TV
-artificial playing surfaces
-bright uniforms
-names on back of jersey
43
how did tv led to American football league
-led by Dallas and Houston
-1960
-sold TV rights of AFL to ABC as package
44
sports broadcasting act 1961
permitted pro clubs to sell national broadcast rights as single unit
45
who started the sports broadcasting act 1961
Pete rozelle
46
when was the pro football golden age
1960-80s
47
what help the pro football golden age
-teams rarely lost money
-big attendance
-publicly funded stadiums
48
franchises in pro football golden age
-equal split of TV revenue
-visiting teams= 40% gate receipts
49
what is the "think league"
owners focused on success of whole league, not just individual max profits
50
what was the battle of paychecks
AFL vs. NFL for college players
51
what did the battle of paychecks lead to
merge of 1966
52
who was the fb commissioner in 1966
Pete rozelle
53
how did fb game become appealing to viewers not just fans in stands
-more time outs
-commercials
-fans brought banners
-pennants
-cheerleaders
54
what was the new type of broadcasted
-monday night football
- controversial howard cosell
55
when did monday night football start
1970
56
howard cosell
-spoke his mind
-made monday night football national cultural event
57
1978 structure of FB
permitted pass rush defender to extend arms open hands: this increased passing offense, QB sacks decreased
58
who was bill walsh
-1980s
-west coast offense
59
what was west coast offense
-ball control
-short yardage passing game
60
how did the owners establish more even playing fields
-expanded playoffs to 8 teams from 4
- wild card berth from non division winning teams with best record
61
what were the woes of baseball
-change in urban leisure patterns
-owners focused on own teams, not leauge
-not effective TV broadcast
-did not get national Tv package for regular season games for all franchise until 1961
62
why did change in urban leisure pattens made baseball struggle
-families moved from cities to suburbs
-did not want to drive to cities for games
63
why did Baseball not get national TV packages
-smaller markets could not get national telecasts and suffered
-1961, sports broadcasting act
64
how did baseball team rise on the diamond
focused owners led to domination by big cities right after WWII
65
what change in baseball happened in 1962
-enlarged strike zone to speed up game
-led to defense
-boring contests
66
what happened after 1960 in baseball
-greater team parity
67
1970s and 80s in baseball
-game with power, speed, and specialized pitching
68
pro basketball on the rise
-overshadowed by college, AAU, Harlem globetrotters
69
when was the NBA formed
1946
70
1950 in basketball
started to outbid AAU for best players
71
improvements in pro baskeball game
24 second rule increased speed and scoring
72
when did game attendance improve in pro basketball
1960-70s
73
when was the strong TV network contract
1980's
74
when did pro FB and basketball form player associations or unions
1950s
75
what did associations deal with
-min/max salaries
-league wide salary caps
-grievance procedures
-salary arbitration
-pension
-healthcare
76
who lead the association in NBA
Oscar robertson
77
why was the player association harder in football
-easier to replace players in lineups without hurting team
-FB owners united
78
player strikes
-1968 1st successful strike (NFL)
-hard bc stars hard to replace
-criticized by fans
79
advantages of college athletics over pro teams
-got financial support from institution
-non profit
-don't have to pay performers market price
80
disadvantages of college athletics over pro teams
-no draft system to recruit new talent
-had rules to prevent bidding wars for players
81
A cartel
a combination of independent commercial or industrial enterprises designed to limit competition or fix prices
82
what did the evolution of cartel do for the NCAA
-created/modified rules for sports
-supervised minor sport tournaments
-asserted amateur principles
- encouraged institution honor in following
83
1948 "sanity code" adopted
-allowed scholarships, campus jobs to athletes with financial needs
-set rules, limit price to pay for athletes
84
what was the scandal in 1950
US military academy FB player test cheating
85
what was the scandals in 1951
basketball point shaving scandal
86
what was the scandals in 1952
NCAA could investigate, impose sanctions for rule violations
87
what was the scandal in 1956
approved athletic scholarship and recruitment rules from schools
88
how did TV add to NCAA power in college sports
-too many games hurt game attendance
-# of games per region to be televised (Tv negotiations)
89
how did college football game change
-new offenses
-2 platoon football
-coaches called plays
90
how did college football change to the fans
-elaborate half-time shows/cheerleaders
-all start teams, heisman trophy
-weekly press polls
-bowl games
91
recruitment
-more important than coaching
-development well- coordinated
-systematic means
92
legal in recruitment
-scholarships
-promise turn pro
-good job after grad
-past bowl/tv appearances
-good education
93
illegal in recruitment
-cash
-cars
-clothes
-free living
-high paying jobs
-snap courses
-transcript changes
94
how did architecture help college basketball enter national spotlight
area owners help intersectional college basketball games
(1930 "relief games")
95
how did garden games help college basketball enter national spotlight
-catalyst to transform college BB into national spectator sport
-games produced BB legends
96
what was the big-time hub college bb in the 1930-40s
NYC
97
why was NYC the big time hub for college bb
the national invitation tournament in 1939
98
1951point shaving scandal
gamblers paid players to win by less than quoted point spread
99
coincidental national international event in 1951
-fall of china to communism
-korean war starts
-soviet detonation of atomic bombs
-McCarthy's change of treason in gov't
100
what did the BB scandal do to institutions and sports
greater mistrust; athletic glory over academic achievements by any means
101
why did the point shaving scandal end
the Garden's role in BB
102
how did other area grow after the scandal
-built own fieldhouses
103
growth in college basketball after scandal
-high press poll ratings
-cost lest to field BB TEAM
-more flagrant rules violations than FB
-more success in schools w/ BB traditions and well-known coaches
104
how did Owen, Louis, Robinson, and Gibson use sports to enhance human rights
-examples of racial abilities, inspiration to AAs
-attack prejudice individually
-focused on sports
-challenges legal barriers
105
how did Muhammed Ali use sports to enhance human rights
-more outspoken
-radical strategies
-more focus outside self, sports
106
OPHR
-organized boycotts
-challenge white supremacy more directly
-broader critique of society
107
Jackie Robinson
-1947
-1st AA to play in major leagues
108
policy of restraint for Jackie Robinson
-played exceptionally
-dont respond to abuse
109
Althea gibson
-1950
-1st AA to play in US national tennis champ
-"female Robinson"
-independent, outspoken
-tried to separate self from race
110
when did the opportunities for AA athletic success increase
1950s
111
why did sports may not lead to a better life for some black athletes
-college athletes taken advantage of for athletic skills
-not helping with academics, life after sports
112
muhammed Ali
-born Cassius Clay
-boxer
-charismatic, outspoken, aware of white supremacy reach
-use more for fame than revolution in AA rights outside of sports
113
why did Muhammed Ali joined nation of islam
-build AA cultural
-black racial superiority
- changed name
114
why did Muhammed Ali refused to go into army
-“I ain’t got no quarrel with them Vietcong”
-refused to fight for country that did not treat AA =
-personal stand was more important than athletic part.
-lost boxing license, world title
115
who initiated the Olympic project for human rights
harry Edward
grad student at San Jose SU
116
what was the goal of OPHR
use 1968 Olympics, highlight US failing in AA rights
117
what was the first strategy of OPHR
-boycott 1968 NYAC track champs
118
who led the latino athletes
-Roberto clemente (BB player Pirates)
119
Roberto Clemente
-experienced prejudice
-proud of heritage; spoke Spanish w/ rules against it
-raised few questions about structure of american society
120
Corky Gonzales
-boxer
-more radical than clemente
-impeccable reputation in corrupt sport
-involved in local business
-key national organizer of Chicano movement
121
when did Native American protest "Indian" mascots
1940s
122
Dennis Banks
“…degrading activity…we Indian people never looked the way these characters portray us”
123
what college was targeted for their mascot in 1972
standford
124
why were pro teams mascots harder to change
owners concerned with changing brands, offending fans
125
Curt Flood
-st. Luis cardinals
-1969 traded to Philly but refused
-filled lawsuit but lost that and his job
-helping topple reserve system
126
Katherine Switzer
first women to run the Boston Marathon (1967)
127
female physical educators in 1960s
retreated from opposition to high level competition
128
what happen in 1963 with division girls women sports
reversed stand against intercollegiate competition
129
when was Association of intercollegiate athletics for women formed
1966
130
men's athletic departments reaction to title IX
not give up budget money to pay for women's sports
131
what was ruled in 1975 about title IX
meant equal athletic opportunities, no exceptions
132
what were some oppositions about title IX
-"giving" women opportunities men spend decades earning
-felt women did not have skills, interests, or determination
-havent proven selves worthy of same opportunites
133
what team fought for equal rights
Yale rowing team
134
why was it had for AIAW to stay independent from male college sports (NCAA)
pressure from women- wanted scholarships
135
when did NCAA establish D1 women's tourney against AIAW
1982
136
what did the NCAA have
-money
-status
-lured colleges away from AIAW
137
when did AIAW close
1983
138
why was pro women's tennis different than college
-pro:must prove people to watch and sponsor them
-College: federal legislation, tied to education
139
pro tennis 1960s difference in men and women
men were earning more prize money
140
who was the key sponsor for pro women's tennis
Phillip Morris
virgina slims tours
141
Billie jean king
women's tennis capitalized on exciting matches and charisma
142
when was the battle of the sexes
1973
143
when did IOC began mandatory genetic testing of FEMALES
1968
144
lesbians/ bisexuals/ transgender
-had to decide whether to come out
-could hurt career and or sport
-those who did not come out treated well by public, but not by sponsors
145
how did the IOC accommodate transgender athletes
require certain testosterone levels to compete as female
146
SC in grove city college vs. Bell 1984
GCC did not have to meet Title IX since they did not get federal funds
147
pat Summitt
head BB coach at Tennesse (1976-2012)
148
ESPN
-filled 24 hours with sports
- great variety of sports like extreme sports
-new commercial markets
149
sports center 1979
replaced newspaper for sports news and game scores
150
NASCAR
1970-80s in the southern region
151
who sponsored the Winston cup series
RJ reynolds
152
when was the 1st telecast of full Dayton 500
1979
153
1960s immigration laws changed
surge form Latin American BB popular
154
why did teams began training academies in Latin America in the 80s
-cheaper to get Latin American players
-bb dropped in popularity in US youth
-started broadcasting for latinos
155
ESPN Deportes
2004
156
Fernando valenzuela
-"fenandomania"
-pinnacle of Latino BB star
-played 1st for Dodgers
-1981 rookie of the year, Cy young winner
157
when did the NBA rise globally
late 20th centrury
158
David Stern Commissioner
-1984-2014
-took advantage of trade, communication global expansion
-promoted NBA world wide
159
What did the NBA promote
hip, urban atmosphere
160
Phil Knight and Nike
-MJ big shoe contract
-world wide stardom
161
dream team
-1992 olympics
-some draped selves in US flag at medal ceremony (Reebok vs. Nike)
162
women soccer in 1996
-gold in olympics
163
women soccer in 1999
-hosted and won World Cup
-formed WUSA
164
challenges for pro soccer leagues
-how to keep excitement of short World Cup and olympic run to season long
-low attendance and salaries
-WUSA folded after 3 season
165
21st century sports
-removal of barriers
-old challenges remain
166
youth sports participation issue
big but limited access for low-income, urban youth
167
youth sports emphasis on performance issue
-early sports specialization
-money spent on coaching, travel, competition
-win at all cost
-participation trophies
-over zealous parents
168
scandals and issues in college sports
-lack of connection btw athletics and academics
-lack of true education of athletes
-criminal behavior by coaches/athletes
