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hk 376 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what were some social developments after WWII

A

-challenges to racial discrimination and segregation
-got more people involved in an interested in sports

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2
Q

what were some political developments after WWII

A

-cold war intensified US identification with competitive sports
-contrast btw political ideals
-victories =success of their system

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3
Q

what were some economic developments after WWII

A

-expand economy
-incomes increase
-TVs in more house holds
-eventually sports a part of that and their lives there

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4
Q

what affluence of suburbanization have on the economy

A

stronger, higher incomes, move to suburbs, single family homes

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5
Q

what affluence of suburbanization have on sports

A

-pro teams
-civic spirit
-big city leaders
-teams moved
-stadium building binge, outside city limits

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6
Q

why did many sports teams move

A

-more money
-better facilities

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7
Q

when did television transform american life

A

1956

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8
Q

how many american families owned tvs

A

75%

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9
Q

how many hours did americans watch purposeful watching on tv

A

35 hours per week

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10
Q

what shifted leisure

A

-tv
-autos
-central heat
-ac
-bigger homes and yards

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11
Q

what was home for

A

entertainment center

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12
Q

what did tv focus on

A

-children and families togetherness
-individual households together

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13
Q

how did tv transform sports

A

-fans at home
-attract more viewers
-nationalization and globalization of sports teams

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14
Q

how did tv attract viewers

A

-commercial sponsors
-multiple cameras
-replays
-slow mo
-flashy graphics
-catchy music
-charismatic announcers

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15
Q

how did tv help teams attract viewers and fans

A

-faster games
-timeouts for commercials
-lengthy playoff system
-super bowl at present location

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16
Q

who was Roone Arlege

A

-producer of:
-1968,1972,1976 Olympics
-wide world of sports
-monday night football for ABC

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17
Q

how did ABC help sports

A

-get audience involved emotionally
-capture full ambience of games
-made sports important to TV
-big increase in TV contracts (more $ for training and play)

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18
Q

how did they capture full ambience of games

A

-views of stadiums
-held hand cameras for close ups
-microphones for sounds
-made audience part of performance

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19
Q

what happened in 1960s

A

-civil rights movement
-sport one focus
- more AAs prominent in sports and advocated for more change

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20
Q

what was the women’s liberation

A

title IX in 1972

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21
Q

what did title IX lead to

A

greater participation at all levels of girls/women in sports

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22
Q

gambling scandals in college basketball

A

showed corruption of american society, promoting gain over intellectual and moral quality

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23
Q

what was the counterculture movement

A

-opposed materialism
-criticized violent sports
-promoted alternative sports (ultimate frisbee)

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24
Q

what were some situations athletes criticized

A

racism in NBA
violence in NFL

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25
Q

what is Title IX of the education amendment act of 1972

A

no person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded for participation in, be denied the benefits of; or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

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26
Q

What is “me” generation

A

-focus on self-sufficiency and individual well-being
-while contagious diseases under control, not lifestyle ones like cancer

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27
Q

when was the individual fitness-running boom

A

1970’s

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28
Q

what did the “me” generation increase

A

YMCA, YWCA, health club memberships

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29
Q

what was doing more in the “me” generation

A

-running marathons, triathlons
-new clubs
-magazines
-special diets
-shoes
-clothes

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30
Q

political retrenchment in 1980

A

Ronald Reagan continued to focus on self-sufficiency and success

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31
Q

what was political retrenchment in 1960s

A

celebrated competitive person with vision of ordered, harmonious society

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32
Q

how did political retrenchment affect sports

A

-slowing federal efforts to expand opportunities for women
-encouraged growth of new sports
-oriented businesses

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33
Q

cable and internet in 1970-80s

A

technological advancements led to expansion of televised sports

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34
Q

what led the way to cable network systems

A

-satellite communication in 1974
-end of legal restrictions on cable tv in 1977

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35
Q

when was ESPN founded

A

1979

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36
Q

what did ESPN do for fans and athletes

A

-gave American athletes a worldwide audience
-fan could spend endless time on sports following teams and athletes

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37
Q

where did pro football start

A

Ohio and Pennsylvania mine and mill towns

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38
Q

what year was the national football league formed

A

1920

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38
Q

what year was the national football league formed

A

1920

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39
Q

why did the football flourish after WWII

A

-management
-tv

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40
Q

why did management flourish after WWII

A

-common owners (Irish catholics)
-delegated authority
-united; reduced international competition, maxed profits

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41
Q

why was football suited for TV

A

-physical
-recurring crises of 1st downs
-announcers explaining game in down time for drama

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42
Q

how did technological advances help football

A

-instant replays
-color TV
-artificial playing surfaces
-bright uniforms
-names on back of jersey

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43
Q

how did tv led to American football league

A

-led by Dallas and Houston
-1960
-sold TV rights of AFL to ABC as package

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44
Q

sports broadcasting act 1961

A

permitted pro clubs to sell national broadcast rights as single unit

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45
Q

who started the sports broadcasting act 1961

A

Pete rozelle

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46
Q

when was the pro football golden age

A

1960-80s

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47
Q

what help the pro football golden age

A

-teams rarely lost money
-big attendance
-publicly funded stadiums

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48
Q

franchises in pro football golden age

A

-equal split of TV revenue
-visiting teams= 40% gate receipts

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49
Q

what is the “think league”

A

owners focused on success of whole league, not just individual max profits

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50
Q

what was the battle of paychecks

A

AFL vs. NFL for college players

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51
Q

what did the battle of paychecks lead to

A

merge of 1966

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52
Q

who was the fb commissioner in 1966

A

Pete rozelle

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53
Q

how did fb game become appealing to viewers not just fans in stands

A

-more time outs
-commercials
-fans brought banners
-pennants
-cheerleaders

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54
Q

what was the new type of broadcasted

A

-monday night football
- controversial howard cosell

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55
Q

when did monday night football start

A

1970

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56
Q

howard cosell

A

-spoke his mind
-made monday night football national cultural event

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57
Q

1978 structure of FB

A

permitted pass rush defender to extend arms open hands: this increased passing offense, QB sacks decreased

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58
Q

who was bill walsh

A

-1980s
-west coast offense

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59
Q

what was west coast offense

A

-ball control
-short yardage passing game

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60
Q

how did the owners establish more even playing fields

A

-expanded playoffs to 8 teams from 4
- wild card berth from non division winning teams with best record

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61
Q

what were the woes of baseball

A

-change in urban leisure patterns
-owners focused on own teams, not leauge
-not effective TV broadcast
-did not get national Tv package for regular season games for all franchise until 1961

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62
Q

why did change in urban leisure pattens made baseball struggle

A

-families moved from cities to suburbs
-did not want to drive to cities for games

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63
Q

why did Baseball not get national TV packages

A

-smaller markets could not get national telecasts and suffered
-1961, sports broadcasting act

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64
Q

how did baseball team rise on the diamond

A

focused owners led to domination by big cities right after WWII

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65
Q

what change in baseball happened in 1962

A

-enlarged strike zone to speed up game
-led to defense
-boring contests

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66
Q

what happened after 1960 in baseball

A

-greater team parity

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67
Q

1970s and 80s in baseball

A

-game with power, speed, and specialized pitching

68
Q

pro basketball on the rise

A

-overshadowed by college, AAU, Harlem globetrotters

69
Q

when was the NBA formed

A

1946

70
Q

1950 in basketball

A

started to outbid AAU for best players

71
Q

improvements in pro baskeball game

A

24 second rule increased speed and scoring

72
Q

when did game attendance improve in pro basketball

A

1960-70s

73
Q

when was the strong TV network contract

A

1980’s

74
Q

when did pro FB and basketball form player associations or unions

A

1950s

75
Q

what did associations deal with

A

-min/max salaries
-league wide salary caps
-grievance procedures
-salary arbitration
-pension
-healthcare

76
Q

who lead the association in NBA

A

Oscar robertson

77
Q

why was the player association harder in football

A

-easier to replace players in lineups without hurting team
-FB owners united

78
Q

player strikes

A

-1968 1st successful strike (NFL)
-hard bc stars hard to replace
-criticized by fans

79
Q

advantages of college athletics over pro teams

A

-got financial support from institution
-non profit
-don’t have to pay performers market price

80
Q

disadvantages of college athletics over pro teams

A

-no draft system to recruit new talent
-had rules to prevent bidding wars for players

81
Q

A cartel

A

a combination of independent commercial or industrial enterprises designed to limit competition or fix prices

82
Q

what did the evolution of cartel do for the NCAA

A

-created/modified rules for sports
-supervised minor sport tournaments
-asserted amateur principles
- encouraged institution honor in following

83
Q

1948 “sanity code” adopted

A

-allowed scholarships, campus jobs to athletes with financial needs
-set rules, limit price to pay for athletes

84
Q

what was the scandal in 1950

A

US military academy FB player test cheating

85
Q

what was the scandals in 1951

A

basketball point shaving scandal

86
Q

what was the scandals in 1952

A

NCAA could investigate, impose sanctions for rule violations

87
Q

what was the scandal in 1956

A

approved athletic scholarship and recruitment rules from schools

88
Q

how did TV add to NCAA power in college sports

A

-too many games hurt game attendance
-# of games per region to be televised (Tv negotiations)

89
Q

how did college football game change

A

-new offenses
-2 platoon football
-coaches called plays

90
Q

how did college football change to the fans

A

-elaborate half-time shows/cheerleaders
-all start teams, heisman trophy
-weekly press polls
-bowl games

91
Q

recruitment

A

-more important than coaching
-development well- coordinated
-systematic means

92
Q

legal in recruitment

A

-scholarships
-promise turn pro
-good job after grad
-past bowl/tv appearances
-good education

93
Q

illegal in recruitment

A

-cash
-cars
-clothes
-free living
-high paying jobs
-snap courses
-transcript changes

94
Q

how did architecture help college basketball enter national spotlight

A

area owners help intersectional college basketball games
(1930 “relief games”)

95
Q

how did garden games help college basketball enter national spotlight

A

-catalyst to transform college BB into national spectator sport
-games produced BB legends

96
Q

what was the big-time hub college bb in the 1930-40s

A

NYC

97
Q

why was NYC the big time hub for college bb

A

the national invitation tournament in 1939

98
Q

1951point shaving scandal

A

gamblers paid players to win by less than quoted point spread

99
Q

coincidental national international event in 1951

A

-fall of china to communism
-korean war starts
-soviet detonation of atomic bombs
-McCarthy’s change of treason in gov’t

100
Q

what did the BB scandal do to institutions and sports

A

greater mistrust; athletic glory over academic achievements by any means

101
Q

why did the point shaving scandal end

A

the Garden’s role in BB

102
Q

how did other area grow after the scandal

A

-built own fieldhouses

103
Q

growth in college basketball after scandal

A

-high press poll ratings
-cost lest to field BB TEAM
-more flagrant rules violations than FB
-more success in schools w/ BB traditions and well-known coaches

104
Q

how did Owen, Louis, Robinson, and Gibson use sports to enhance human rights

A

-examples of racial abilities, inspiration to AAs
-attack prejudice individually
-focused on sports
-challenges legal barriers

105
Q

how did Muhammed Ali use sports to enhance human rights

A

-more outspoken
-radical strategies
-more focus outside self, sports

106
Q

OPHR

A

-organized boycotts
-challenge white supremacy more directly
-broader critique of society

107
Q

Jackie Robinson

A

-1947
-1st AA to play in major leagues

108
Q

policy of restraint for Jackie Robinson

A

-played exceptionally
-dont respond to abuse

109
Q

Althea gibson

A

-1950
-1st AA to play in US national tennis champ
-“female Robinson”
-independent, outspoken
-tried to separate self from race

110
Q

when did the opportunities for AA athletic success increase

A

1950s

111
Q

why did sports may not lead to a better life for some black athletes

A

-college athletes taken advantage of for athletic skills
-not helping with academics, life after sports

112
Q

muhammed Ali

A

-born Cassius Clay
-boxer
-charismatic, outspoken, aware of white supremacy reach
-use more for fame than revolution in AA rights outside of sports

113
Q

why did Muhammed Ali joined nation of islam

A

-build AA cultural
-black racial superiority
- changed name

114
Q

why did Muhammed Ali refused to go into army

A

-“I ain’t got no quarrel with them Vietcong”
-refused to fight for country that did not treat AA =
-personal stand was more important than athletic part.
-lost boxing license, world title

115
Q

who initiated the Olympic project for human rights

A

harry Edward
grad student at San Jose SU

116
Q

what was the goal of OPHR

A

use 1968 Olympics, highlight US failing in AA rights

117
Q

what was the first strategy of OPHR

A

-boycott 1968 NYAC track champs

118
Q

who led the latino athletes

A

-Roberto clemente (BB player Pirates)

119
Q

Roberto Clemente

A

-experienced prejudice
-proud of heritage; spoke Spanish w/ rules against it
-raised few questions about structure of american society

120
Q

Corky Gonzales

A

-boxer
-more radical than clemente
-impeccable reputation in corrupt sport
-involved in local business
-key national organizer of Chicano movement

121
Q

when did Native American protest “Indian” mascots

A

1940s

122
Q

Dennis Banks

A

“…degrading activity…we Indian people never looked the way these characters portray us”

123
Q

what college was targeted for their mascot in 1972

A

standford

124
Q

why were pro teams mascots harder to change

A

owners concerned with changing brands, offending fans

125
Q

Curt Flood

A

-st. Luis cardinals
-1969 traded to Philly but refused
-filled lawsuit but lost that and his job
-helping topple reserve system

126
Q

Katherine Switzer

A

first women to run the Boston Marathon (1967)

127
Q

female physical educators in 1960s

A

retreated from opposition to high level competition

128
Q

what happen in 1963 with division girls women sports

A

reversed stand against intercollegiate competition

129
Q

when was Association of intercollegiate athletics for women formed

A

1966

130
Q

men’s athletic departments reaction to title IX

A

not give up budget money to pay for women’s sports

131
Q

what was ruled in 1975 about title IX

A

meant equal athletic opportunities, no exceptions

132
Q

what were some oppositions about title IX

A

-“giving” women opportunities men spend decades earning
-felt women did not have skills, interests, or determination
-havent proven selves worthy of same opportunites

133
Q

what team fought for equal rights

A

Yale rowing team

134
Q

why was it had for AIAW to stay independent from male college sports (NCAA)

A

pressure from women- wanted scholarships

135
Q

when did NCAA establish D1 women’s tourney against AIAW

A

1982

136
Q

what did the NCAA have

A

-money
-status
-lured colleges away from AIAW

137
Q

when did AIAW close

A

1983

138
Q

why was pro women’s tennis different than college

A

-pro:must prove people to watch and sponsor them
-College: federal legislation, tied to education

139
Q

pro tennis 1960s difference in men and women

A

men were earning more prize money

140
Q

who was the key sponsor for pro women’s tennis

A

Phillip Morris
virgina slims tours

141
Q

Billie jean king

A

women’s tennis capitalized on exciting matches and charisma

142
Q

when was the battle of the sexes

A

1973

143
Q

when did IOC began mandatory genetic testing of FEMALES

A

1968

144
Q

lesbians/ bisexuals/ transgender

A

-had to decide whether to come out
-could hurt career and or sport
-those who did not come out treated well by public, but not by sponsors

145
Q

how did the IOC accommodate transgender athletes

A

require certain testosterone levels to compete as female

146
Q

SC in grove city college vs. Bell 1984

A

GCC did not have to meet Title IX since they did not get federal funds

147
Q

pat Summitt

A

head BB coach at Tennesse (1976-2012)

148
Q

ESPN

A

-filled 24 hours with sports
- great variety of sports like extreme sports
-new commercial markets

149
Q

sports center 1979

A

replaced newspaper for sports news and game scores

150
Q

NASCAR

A

1970-80s in the southern region

151
Q

who sponsored the Winston cup series

A

RJ reynolds

152
Q

when was the 1st telecast of full Dayton 500

A

1979

153
Q

1960s immigration laws changed

A

surge form Latin American BB popular

154
Q

why did teams began training academies in Latin America in the 80s

A

-cheaper to get Latin American players
-bb dropped in popularity in US youth
-started broadcasting for latinos

155
Q

ESPN Deportes

A

2004

156
Q

Fernando valenzuela

A

-“fenandomania”
-pinnacle of Latino BB star
-played 1st for Dodgers
-1981 rookie of the year, Cy young winner

157
Q

when did the NBA rise globally

A

late 20th centrury

158
Q

David Stern Commissioner

A

-1984-2014
-took advantage of trade, communication global expansion
-promoted NBA world wide

159
Q

What did the NBA promote

A

hip, urban atmosphere

160
Q

Phil Knight and Nike

A

-MJ big shoe contract
-world wide stardom

161
Q

dream team

A

-1992 olympics
-some draped selves in US flag at medal ceremony (Reebok vs. Nike)

162
Q

women soccer in 1996

A

-gold in olympics

163
Q

women soccer in 1999

A

-hosted and won World Cup
-formed WUSA

164
Q

challenges for pro soccer leagues

A

-how to keep excitement of short World Cup and olympic run to season long
-low attendance and salaries
-WUSA folded after 3 season

165
Q

21st century sports

A

-removal of barriers
-old challenges remain

166
Q

youth sports participation issue

A

big but limited access for low-income, urban youth

167
Q

youth sports emphasis on performance issue

A

-early sports specialization
-money spent on coaching, travel, competition
-win at all cost
-participation trophies
-over zealous parents

168
Q

scandals and issues in college sports

A

-lack of connection btw athletics and academics
-lack of true education of athletes
-criminal behavior by coaches/athletes

hk 376 (4 decks)

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