HIV virology Flashcards
What are mandatory surface antigen tests for pregnant women? [3]
- Syphillis
- HIV
- Hep B
What animal has been identified as the source of HIV infection in humans?
Chimpanzees
Regarding HIV epidemiology in Africa, what are the routes of infection? [3]
- Heterosexual
- Mother-to-child
- Unscreened blood
In Europe what are main routes of contracting HIV? [4]
Sexual
- MSM
- Heterosexual
Injecting drug use
-less common but can be higher in certain areas
What is the more predominant virus worldwide - HIV-1 or HIV-2?
HIV-1
What cells does the HIV virus target before attaching? [2]
> Cells with CD4 on surface (T-helper) lymphocyte
>Cells with certain chemokine receptors
Is HIV a DNA or RNA virus?
RNA. Converted to DNA in cell by reverse transcriptase
What is the group of HIV retroviruses called?
Lentiviruses
For replication, what does the virus need? [2]
> Host cell
>RNA to be transcribed to DNA
What enzyme integrates the viral DNA into the nuclear genome?
Integrase
What enzyme helps produce enzymes needed for maturation of the replicated virus?
Protease
What lab tests are done to diagnose HIV?
Antigen/antibody tests (ELISA assays)
Lab testing to help in managing HIV? [6]
- Viral load
- HIV resistance testing
- Avidity testing
- Subtype determination
- Tropism testing
- Drug levels
What is the diagnostic window? Why is it significant?
Time during which markers for HIV infection are not detectable/before seroconversion.
Varies between individuals.
Testing in this time can lead to false negative results
What is measuring viral load useful for? [3]
- Monitor effectiveness of treatment
- Diagnosis in presence of maternal antibody