Antibiotics Flashcards
Classes of antimicrobials [8]
Penicillins Carbapenems Cephalosporins Tetracyclines Macrolides Gram-negative cover Gram positive cover Miscellaneous
Bacterial classification: gram positives 5 subgroups
- Strep: streptococcus pneumoniae, group A, B, C, G
- Staph: aureus
- MRSA: MRSA, coagulase -ve staph
- Enterococci: enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecum
- Gram +ve anaerobes: anaerobic strep, clostridium
Bacterial classification: gram negatives 5 subgroups
- Gram -ve anaerobes: bacteroides fragilis
- Coliforms: gut bacteria e.g. E. coli
- Respiratory: haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis
- Pseudomonas
- ESBL: extended spectrum beta lactamase producers and other resistant gram -ves
What are 3 examples of atypical organisms
Legionella
chlamydia
mycoplasma
2 mechanism of actions that antibiotics take [4]
Bactericidal e.g. inhibit cell wall, protein, nucleic acid synthesis
Bacteriostatic e.g. inhibit folic acid synthesis
Penicillin
MOA
Eg [5]
MOA: Bactericidal, inhibit cell wall synthesis Examples: - Benzylpenicillin, Penicillin V - Flucloxacillin - Amoxicillin - Co-amoxiclav - Tazocin
Carbapenems
MOA
Eg [1] - what are these sensitive to? [9]
MOA: Bactericidal, inhibit cell wall synthesis
MEROPENEM:
staph, strep, enterococci, gram +ve and gram -ve anaerobes, coliforms, respiratory, pseudomonas, ESBL
Cephalosporins
MOA
Name all 3 generation
MOA: Bactericidal, inhibit cell wall synthesis
• 1st generation (CEFALEXIN)
• 2nd generation (CEFUROXIME)
• 3rd generation (CEFRIAXONE and CEFOTAXIME)
What is the association between cephalosporins and penicillins
What is the difference in MOA between generations?
• Penicillin allergy is present, 10% chance of having similar reaction to cephalosporins
As we go down the generations, the more action on gram positive organisms and vice versa for gram negative
Tetracyclines
MOA
Eg of tetraycline
Sensitivities [4]
MOA: bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis
Eg: doxycycline
MRSA, staph, respiratory, atypicals
(some strep, gram +ve anaerobes, coliforms and ESBL)
Antifolate antibiotics
MOA
Eg [2]
MOA: bacteriostatic; inhibit folic acid synthesis
Eg: Trimethoprim and cotrimoxazole
Macrolides
MOA
Eg [2]
MOA: inhibit protein synthesis
Eg: Azithromycin, clarithromycin
Clindamycin
MOA
Sensitivities [4]
MOA: bacteriostatic
Strep, staph, gram +ve and -ve anaerobes
Gram negative cover - 2 classes of antibiotics, what are their respective MOAs and give 2 examples each
Fluoroquinolones - bactericidal; inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Eg: ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin
Aminoglycosides - bactericidal; inhibit protein synthesis
Eg: gentamicin and tobramycin
Gram negative cover - Fluoroquinolones. What are the sensitivities of:
Ciprofloxacin [4]
Levofloxacin [5]
CIPROFLOXACIN: coliforms, respiratory, pseudomonas, atypicals (some staph, strep, enterococci and ESBL)
LEVOFLOXACIN: staph, strep, coliforms, respiratory, pseudomonas (some enterococci and ESBL)
What is another gram negative antibiotic apart from fluoroquinolone and aminoglycosides?
Sensitivities [4]
• FOSFOMYCIN:
MRSA, staph, coliforms, ESBL (some strep)
What are 2 side effects of gentamicin and tobramycin?
Nephro and ototoxic
Gram positive cover MOA Eg SE Sensitivities
MOA: bactericidal; Inhibit cell wall synthesis
VANCOMYCIN and TEICOPLANIN
SE: nephrotoxic
MRSA, staph, strep, enterococci, gram +ve anaerobes, c. diff
Sensitivities of the penicillin family:
Benzylpenicillin and penicillin V [2]
Flucloxacillin [2]
Amoxicillin [2]
- BENZYLPENICILLIN and PENICILLIN V: strep, enterococci (some gram +ve and -ve anaerobes)
- FLUCLOXACILLIN: staph, strep
- AMOXICILLIN: strep, enterococci (some gram +ve and -ve anaerobes, gram -ve coliforms, respiratory gram -ves)
Sensitivities of the penicillin family:
Co-amoxiclav [5]
Tazocin [8]
• CO-AMOXICLAV:
staph, strep, enterococci, gram +ve and -ve anaerobes, coliforms, respiratory
• TAZOCIN:
staph, strep, enterococci, gram +ve and gram -ve anaerobes, coliforms, respiratory, pseudomonas
What is tazocin a combination of?
TAZOBACTAM and PIPERACILLIN
Sensitivities of the cephalosporin family:
1st gen cefalexin [3]
2nd gen cefuroxime [4]
3rd gen cefriaxone and cefotaxime [4]
- 1st generation (CEFALEXIN): staph, strep, coliforms
- 2nd generation (CEFUROXIME): staph, strep, coliforms, respiratory
- 3rd generation (CEFRIAXONE and CEFOTAXIME): staph, strep, coliforms, respiratory
Sensitivities of the anti-folate antibiotics:
Trimethoprim [1]
Co-trimoxazole [3]
- TRIMETHOPRIM: coliforms
* CO-TRIMOXAZOLE (TRIMETHOPRIM + SULPHAMETHOXAZOLE): staph, strep, coliforms
What is a Co-trimoxazole combination of?
TRIMETHOPRIM + SULPHAMETHOXAZOLE
Sensitivities of the Macrolides antibiotics:
Erythromycin [1]
Azithromycin and clarithromycin [3]
- ERYTHROMYCIN: atypicals
* AZITHROMYCIN and CLAIRITHORMYCIN: staph, respiratory, atypicals
Sensitivities:
Metronidazole [3], SE
Nitrofurantoin [1]
Rifampicin [5]
- METRONIDAZOLE: gram +ve and -ve anaerobes, protozoal, alcohol SE
- NITROFURANTOIN: coliforms in LUTI
- RIFAMPICIN: MRSA, staph, strep, respiratory, atypicals
Sensitivities: Chloramphenicol [7]
CHLORAMPHENICOL:
MRSA, staph, strep, gram +ve and -ve anaerobes, coliforms, respiratory
