HIV/AIDS

Question 1

Advantage of using several classes of Antiretroviral drug for HIV treatment

Answer 1

Viral replication inhibited in several ways making it difficult for the virus to recover and decrease the like hood of resistance

Question 2

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)

Answer 2

done to detect serum antibodies that bind to HIV antigens, Blood samples that are negative on this test are reported as negative, if the blood is EIA-antibody positive, repeat the test, if the blood is repeatedly EIA- antibody positive , a more specific confirming test, such as the Western blot(WB), or immunofluorescence assay(IFA), is done, Blood that is reactive in all of the first three steps is reported as HIV- antibody positive.

Question 3

Western blot HIV antibodies confirmation test

Answer 3

takes more time and very expensive

Question 4

PCR HIV test

Answer 4

detects pieces of HIV genetic material, used to diagnose and determine prognosis and treatment and treatment

Question 5

What is T4 : T8 ratio in HIV infected people

Answer 5

1:2 in HIV infected people (it is 2:1 in normal people)

Question 6

laboratory studies in HIV infection

Answer 6

CD$+ T cells- marker of immune function
Viral load-the lower the viral load the less active the disease
WBC- low count usually
Anemia- associated with chronic disease process and adverse effects of ART

Question 7

what is anergy test

Answer 7

done to determine the adequacy of immune system.

Question 8

Anergy is defined as

Answer 8

an immunodeficient condition characterized by lack of or diminished reaction to an antigen or a group of antigens.

Question 9

AIDS diagnostic criteria

Answer 9

CD4+T

Question 10

what are the goals of ART

Answer 10

boost immune system, slow viral replication, and prevent infections.

Question 11

Drugs for HIV

Answer 11

reverse transcriptase inhibitors- blocks completion of HIV DNA

Question 12

which drug is given to prevent HIV transmission to the pregnant women

Answer 12

Zidovudine, given at last term of pregnancy, after birth baby will take the drug for 1.5 to 2 months, antibodies test 3-6 months after until they become negative

Question 13

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NRTIs) adverse effects

Answer 13

most end in “ine” bone suppression, anemia, neuropathies, triglycerides, pancreatitis, nausea and vomiting- give them with empty stomach

Question 14

Protease inhibitors

Answer 14

all meds end with Vir, ( examples: saquinavir(invirase)

give with food( high fat/protein decreases absorption), higher glucose levels possible

Question 15

Biologic response modifiers for HIV

Answer 15

Epogen- helps produce red blood cells
Neupogen- increase neutrophils
Megace- appetite stimulus, keep the weight up, prevent waste syndrome
Marinol- anti emetic, appetite stimulus, synthetic cannabis(DHC)

Question 16

Post exposure prophylaxis(PEP)

Answer 16

done for 30 days, expensive, many side effects, many fail to take due to side effects
wash/flush immediately
determine risk- type of fluid& type of exposure, give PEP for exposure risk for infection transmission,
follow-up and teaching

Question 17

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 17

weight loss, night sweat,

treatment for 9months with antibiotics, could spread to kidney and brain

Question 18

Mycobacterium avium complexx(MAC)

Answer 18

when CD4 count less than 100, bacteria commonly found in soil dust, and food
gastritis, weight loss
check liver function and GI issue

Question 19

Mycobacterium avium complex(MAC)

Answer 19

when CD4 count less than 100, bacteria commonly found in soil dust, and food
gastritis, weight loss
check liver function and GI issue

Question 20

candidiasis

Answer 20

found anywhere in GI tract in everyone’s body,
eat yoghurt and Swiss mouth with good oral care helps
Fluconazole first line treatment

Question 21

Cryptococcal meningitis

Answer 21

found in soil and dust
death can occur form cerebral edema
treated first before HIV

Question 22

Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( bacterial)

Answer 22

weight loss, night sweat,

treatment for 9months with antibiotics, could spread to kidney and brain

Question 23

Mycobacterium avium complex(MAC) bacterial

Answer 23

when CD4 count less than 100, bacteria commonly found in soil dust, and food
gastritis, weight loss
check liver function and GI issue

Question 24

candidiasis ( fungus)

Answer 24

found anywhere in GI tract in everyone’s body,
eat yoghurt and Swiss mouth with good oral care helps
Fluconazole first line treatment

Question 25

Cryptococcal meningitis (fungus)

Answer 25

found in soil and dust
death can occur form cerebral edema
treated first before HIV

Question 26

Pneumocystis carinii (PCP)- protozoa

Answer 26

CD4

Question 27

Toxoplasmosis gondii - protozoa

Answer 27

raw meat, cat feces, raw vegetables,

CD4

Question 28

Cytomegalovirus( CMV)

Answer 28

transmitted through bodily fluids,

eye check should be done

Question 29

Herpes -simplex virus

Answer 29

most frequent outbreaks in HIV people

Question 30

Herpes zoster

Answer 30

pain after up can still have pain after cleared up

Question 31

Kaposi Sarcoma

Answer 31

vascular lesions in the skin,incidence has dropped because of ART

Question 32

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Answer 32

The longer you live with immunosuppression the higher chance you get this

Question 33

HIV encephalopathy

Answer 33

Aids dementia complex
nausea vomiting
at risk for muscle wasting, monitor weight

Question 34

HIV wasting

Answer 34

specific to HIV, 10% of weight loss, successful ART will lead to healthy weight gain