HIV Flashcards
1
Q
Principle of HIV:
A
IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHY
2
Q
Incubation period of HIV/AIDS:
A
9 MONTHS- 20 YEARS
3
Q
The virus that causes HIV infection
A
HIV
4
Q
HIV stands for
A
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
5
Q
____ damages the immune system by killing CD4 cells
A
HIV
6
Q
Are part of your immune system
A
CD4 CELLS
7
Q
HIV attacks and kills ____
A
CD4 CELLS
8
Q
Loss of ____ makes it hard for the body to fight off infections
A
CD4 CELLS
9
Q
AIDS stands for:
A
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
10
Q
_____ is the last stage of HIV infection
A
AIDS
11
Q
As HIV infection advances to AIDS the amount of HIV in the body increases and the number of ______ decreases
A
CD4 CELLS
12
Q
HIV medicine can stop the HIV infection from advancing to ____
A
AIDS
13
Q
Without HIV medicines , HIV advancing to AIDS in about ____
A
10 years
14
Q
_______ can prevent HIV from spreading and prevent HIV from advancing to AIDS
A
ART (Antiretroviral Treatment)
15
Q
HIV is member of the family ___
A
RETROVIRIDAE
16
Q
HIV causes ______
A
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
17
Q
Two serogroups of HIV
A
- HIV-1
- HIV-2
18
Q
Predominant strain; found worldwide, most COMMON
A
HIV-1
19
Q
Limited; primarily found to West Africa
A
HIV-2
20
Q
What are the (3) subtypes of HIV-1?
A
- M Subtype
- N Subtype
- O Subtype
21
Q
Major subtype; responsible for majority of HIV-1 infections
A
M Subtype
22
Q
Outlier subtype
A
O subtype
23
Q
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV (7)
A
- BINDING
- FUSION
- REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
- INTEGRATION
- REPLICATION
- ASSEMBLY
- BUDDING
24
Q
HIV ____ to the CD4 molecule on T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and other cells
A
BIND
25
__________ (co-receptors) are also important in viral binding. T helper cells are the primary target.
SECONDARY BINDING
26
HIV penetrates the plasma membrane of the cell, and the viral ____ is released
RNA
27
The RNA is ______ to the DNA by the activity of the viral enzyme
reverse transcriptase. Viral DNA is then inserted into the host cell’s DNA by viral integrase
TRANSCRIBED
28
The viral DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into viral proteins. Mature viruses leave the host cell by ____
BUDDING
29
The _______ process kills the infected cell and leads to a diminishing number of T helper cells
REPLICATION
30
CD4 – involved in______
MHC 2
31
Induces other immune cells to trigger immune response by secreting cytokines
upon recognizing certain antigen
CD4
32
CD8 – involved in____
MCH1
33
Induce cell death of the virus infected cells by cell lysis or apoptosis
CD8
34
LIFE CYCLE:
HIV binds (attaches itself) to receptors on the surface of CD4cells
BINDING
35
LIFE CYCLE:
The HIV envelopes the CD4 cell membrane fuse (join together) which allows HIV to enter the CD4 cells
FUSION
36
LIFE CYCLE:
Inside the CD4 cells , HIV releases and reverse transcriptase (an HIV enzyme) to convert its genetic material HIV RNA-HIV DNA .The conversion of HIV-RNA to HIV-DNA allows HIV to enter the CD4 cell nucleus and combine with the cell's genetic material cell DNA.
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION
37
LIFE CYCLE:
Inside the CD4 cell nucleus, HIV releases integrase (an HIV enzyme). HIV uses integrase to insert (integrate) its viral DNA into the DNA of CD4 cells
INTEGRATION
38
LIFE CYCLE:
Once integrated into CD4 cells DNA, HIV begins to use the machinery of the CD4 cells to make long chains of HIV proteins. The protein chains are the building blocks for more HIV
REPLICATION
39
LIFE CYCLE:
New HIV proteins and HIV RNA move to the surface of the cell and assemble into immature (non infectious HIV)
ASSEMBLY
40
LIFE CYCLE:
Newly formed immature (non infectious) HIV pushes protease (an HIV enzyme) .Protease breaks up the long protein chains in the immature virus, creating the mature (infectious) virus
BUDDING
41
WHY IS IT DIFFICULT TO HAVE A CURE AGAINST HIV?
Because hijacks body’s immune response, they turn T cells into
breeding grounds of the virus itself
42
SEROLOGIC EFFECTS
Antibodies to HIV generally appear about ______weeks after infection.
These are the first antibodies detected by ELISA and Western Blot
assays.
12 WEEKS
43
SEROLOGIC EFFECTS:
Neutralizing antibodies, antibodies able to interfere with infection of
host cells, appear about ___year after infection. Although these
neutralizing antibodies can interfere with viral replication, they do not seem to play a major role in protection
1 YEAR
44
SEROLOGIC EFFECTS:
_____ is able to escape the immune response by undergoing
antigenic variation
HIV
45
EFFECT ON T CELLS
As the disease progresses, there is a depletion of ______T helper
cells. The immune deficiency worsens as more T helper cells are
killed by the virus.
CD4+
46
EFFECT ON T CELLS
HIV compromises the immune response by destroying T helper
cells. These cells are key players in both ______and _____ immune response
HUMORAL AND CELLULAR
47
EFFECT ON T CELLS
The ratio of CD4 to CD8 cells is reduced from ____ (Normal)
2:1
48
(2) IMPORTANT BLOOD TEST TO DETECH HIV:
1. HIV VIRAL LOAD TEST
2. CD4 LYMPHOCYTE CELL COUNT
49
Monitor the amount of HIV in the blood
HIC VIRAL LOAD TEST
50
Measures how HIV affected the immune system; low count CD4 means very immunosuppressed immune system.
CD4 LYMPHOCYTE CELL COUNT
51
ADDITIONAL EFFECTS
1. Decreased _______activity
2. Defective ________ in monocytes and macrophages
3. Enhanced release of interleukin-1 and cachectin by_______
1. NATURAL KILLER CELL
2. CHEMOTAXIS
3. MONOCYTES
52
(5) STAGES BEFORE PHAGOCYTOSIS HAPPENS (PROCESS OF INFLAMMATION)
1. ACTIVATION IN IFLAMMATORY CHEMICALS
2. MARGINATION
3. DIAPEDESIS
4. CHEMOTAXIS
5. PHAGOCYTOSIS
53
Release or production of various chemical mediators
such as histamine, prostaglandins, and cytokines in
response to tissue injury or infection that initiate and
propagate the inflammatory response
ACTIVATION IN IFLAMMATORY CHEMICALS
54
Process by which white blood cells (leukocytes), particularly neutrophils, adhere to the walls of blood vessels near the site of injury or infection
MARGINATION
55
Known as extravasation, is the process by which leukocytes, especially neutrophils and monocytes, squeeze through the endothelial cells lining blood
vessels to migrate from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissue at the site of inflammation.
DIAPEDESIS
56
The directed movement of immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, in
response to chemical signals called chemoattractant
CHEMOTAXIS
57
Process by which specialized immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, engulf and internalize foreign particles, such as bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris. Essential mechanism for clearing pathogens and debris from the body.
PHAGOCYTOSIS
58
Promotes cell survival proliferation, differentiation and death
Cachectin (TNF)
59
(6) INTERLEUKINS AND ITS FUNCTIONS
IL-1 Responsible for fever
IL-2 Stimulates T-cells
IL-3 Stimulates Bone marrow
IL-4 Stimulates IgE production
IL-5 Stimulates IgA production
IL-6 Stimulates acute-phase protein production
60
Is transmitted by unprotected sex, contaminated blood or blood
products, contaminated needles, or perinatally.
HIV-1
61
In the U.S., AIDS is the number one cause of death for people between
________ years of age
20-35 YEARS OF AGE
62
Initially, infected persons (acute phase) will be asymptomatic or can have minor symptoms resembling ___________
(IM) INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
63
The virus continues to replicate rapidly in the lymphoid tissue. This stage is referred to as _________
CLINICAL LATENCY
64
As a member of T cells begin to decrease, the patient develop a number of infections caused by opportunistic pathogens: Candida, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, etc. This stage has been referred to as ____________
AIDS RELATED COMPLEX (ARC)
65
________stage (full-blown AIDS) includes T cells depletion resulting in severe opportunistic infections and cancers, such as
- Esophageal candidiasis
- Cryptococcosis
- Systemic cytomegalovirus
- Herpes simplex virus infections
- Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
- Kaposi’s sarcoma.
FINAL STAGE
66
__________ and presence of a variety of opportunistic infections
are used to stage the severity of the disease
CD4+ T CELL COUNTS
67
Test to detect antibodies to HIV and HIV antigen.
ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay)
68
Repeated positive samples must be confirmed by ________or ________
WESTERN BLOT OR IMMUNOFLUORESCENT TEST
69
Confirmatory serological test for HIV
WESTERN BLOT ASSAY
70
Two of the Three bands must appear for Western Blot to be
considered positive ___, ___, ___,___
p24
gp41
gp120/160
71
______ probes can detect replicating viruses.
GENETIC
72
Polymerase chain reaction assay detect nucleic acid gene
sequences in HIV-1 and HIV-2.
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
73
Used to detect HIV antigen in infected cells.
This can also be used as a confirmatory test
INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY
74
TREATMENT OF HIV:
RETROVIR (ZIDOVUDINE)
75
76
Through the involvement of ____ and _____ inhibitors, thus increase survivability period
gp120
gp41
77
Glycoproteins or band that prevents the virus from attaching
and entering the cells
gp120
78
Glycoproteins or band that blocks the ability of the virus to fuse
with immune cells
gp41
79
The ______ does not kill the virus but block different stages of its life cycle, thus the virus will be unable to replicate
(ARD) ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG
80
If the treatment will continue, the viral population will drop (not zero but below the level of detectability) to a point where it is now undetectable – meaning longer
_________
SURVIVABILITY PERIOD
81
COMBINED ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS
(6) CLASSES OF ANTIRETORVIRAL DRUGS:
1. Attachment inhibitors
2. Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)
3. Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
(NNRTI)
4. Protein Inhibitors
5. Integrase Inhibitors
6. Boosters/ Pharmacokinetic enhancer
82
Even if the virus is fully suppressed with ARD, the virus can still
embed itself in tissue in the body, thus ______ phase occurs. Also, it
can comeback if the treatment stops.
LATENCY
83
Heating blood plasma at _____
68 degree Celsius for 24 hours
84
Specialized medical care for people living with a serious illness,
making life easier even without proper cure.
PALLIATIVE CARE
